Abstract Medical imaging is a revolutionary field that has transformed healthcare, providing clinicians with the ability to view the inside of the body without invasive procedures. This overview traces the evolution of the major medical imaging modalities from their inception to the advanced technologies used today. Starting with the serendipitous discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895 the subsequent developments in various imaging modalities including fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine and ultrasound imaging are chronicled. The technological breakthroughs, pioneering scientists and clinicians involved, and the significant impact of these advancements on diagnostic medicine are discussed. Additionally the integration of digital imaging, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies into medical imaging is considered together with their potential to revolutionise diagnostic procedures, enhance patient care and streamline healthcare delivery.

Shadows and signals: a brief history of medical imaging