Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants

Edward Gregg,Kate Sheffer,Rodrigo Carrillo‐Larco,James Bennett,Jonathan Shaw,Christopher Paciorek,Rosie Singleton,Ana Barradas‐Pires,Gretchen Stevens,Goodarz Danaei,Victor Lhoste,Nowell Phelps,Rachel Heap,Lakshya Jain,Yse Brisis,Andrea Galeazzi,André Kengne,Anu Mishra,Nayu Ikeda,Hsien-Ho Lin,Carlos Aguilar-Salinas,Ranjit Anjana,Habiba Romdhane,Kairat Davletov,Shubash Ganapathy,Christin Heidemann,Yousef Khader,Young-Ho Khang,Avula Laxmaiah,Jean Mbanya,Viswanathan Mohan,KM Narayan,Meda Pavkov,Eugène Sobngwi,Alisha Wade,Novie Younger-Coleman,Tomasz Zdrojewski,Leandra Abarca-Gómez,Mohsen Abbasi‐Kangevari,Hanan Rahim,Niveen Abu-Rmeileh,Shalkar Adambekov,Robert Adams,Wichai Aekplakorn,Shoaib Afzal,Imelda Angeles‐Agdeppa,Javad Aghazadeh-Attari,Charles Agyemang,Noor Ahmad,Ali Ahmadi,Naser Ahmadi,Nastaran Ahmadi,Soheir Ahmed,Wolfgang Ahrens,Kamel Ajlouni,Sarah Al-Hamli,Halima Al-Hinai,Jawad Al‐Lawati,Deena Alasfoor,Monira Alarouj,Fadia AlBuhairan,Shahla AlDhukair,Mohamed Ali,Mohammed Ali,Anna Alieva,Farbod Alinezhad,Abdullah Alkandari,Ala'a Alkerwi,Eman Aly,Deepak Amarapurkar,Lars Andersen,Sigmund Anderssen,Susana Andrade,Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam,Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri,Joana Araújo,Tahir Aris,Raphael Arku,Nimmathota Arlappa,Gopalakrishnan Natarajan,Thor Aspelund,Félix Assah,Assembekov Batyrbek,Shiu Yeung,Juha Auvinen,Mária Avdičová,Kishwar Azad,Ana Azevedo,Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad,Fereidoun Azizi,Flora Bacopoulou,Nagalla Balakrishna,Yulia Balanova,Mohamed Bamoshmoosh,Maciej Banach,Piotr Bandosz,José Banegas,Carlo Barbagallo,Alberto Barceló,Maja Baretić,Lena Barrera,Marta Barreto,Abdul Basit,Anwar Batieha,Aline Batista,Louise Baur,Belavendra Antonisamy,Theodora Benedek,Mikhail Rodríguez,Michaela Benzeval,Salim Berkinbayev,Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz,Ximena Carrasola,Heloísa Bettiol,Augustin Beybey,Santosh Bhargava,Yufang Bi,Elysée Lele,Mukharram Bikbov,Bihungum Bista,Peter Bjerregaard,Espen Bjertness,Marius Bjertness,Cecilia Björkelund,Kátia Bloch,Anneke Blokstra,Martin Bobák,Bernhard Boehm,Jose Boggia,Carlos Boissonnet,Stig Bojesen,Marialaura Bonaccio,Alice Bonilla-Vargas,Herman Borghs,Steve Botomba,Pascal Bovet,Imperia Brajkovich,Hermann Brenner,Lizzy Brewster,Garry Brian,Yajaira Briceño,Miguel Brito,Gloria Bueno,Anna Bugge,Frank Buntinx,Antonio León,Roberta Caixeta,Günay Can,Ana Cândido,Mario Capanzana,Naděžda Čapková,Eduardo Capuano,Rocco Capuano,Vincenzo Capuano,Viviane Cardoso,Axel Carlsson,Felipe Casanueva,Laura Censi,Marvin Cervantes–Loaiza,Charalambos Chadjigeorgiou,Parinya Chamnan,Snehalatha Chamukuttan,Queenie Chan,Fadi Charchar,Nish Chaturvedi,Chien‐Jen Chen,Huashuai Chen,Long‐Sheng Chen,Ching-Yu Cheng,Bahman Cheraghian,Angela Chetrit,Shu-Ti Chiou,María‐Dolores Chirlaque,Jerzy Chudek,Renata Cifkova,Massimo Círillo,Frank Claessens,Janine Clarke,Emmanuel Cohen,Hans Concin,Cyrus Cooper,Cosmin Cojocaru,Simona Costanzo,Melanie Cowan,Chris Cowell,Amelia Crampin,Ana Crujeiras,Juan Cruz,Felipe Cureau,Sarah Cuschieri,Graziella D'Arrigo,Eleonora d’Orsi,Haroldo Silva-Ferreira,Jean Dallongeville,Albertino Damasceno,Rachel Dankner,Saeed Dastgiri,Luc Dauchet,Amalia Curtis,Giovanni Gaetano,Stefaan Henauw,David Ridder,Mohan Deepa,Vincent DeGennaro,Stefaan Demarest,Elaine Dennison,Valérie Deschamps,Meghnath Dhimal,Živka Dika,Shirin Djalalinia,Chiara Donfrancesco,Maria Dorobanţu,Nico Dragano,Wojciech Drygas,Shufa Du,Yong Du,Charmaine Duante,Priscilla Duboz,Rosemary Duda,Anar Dushpanova,Vilnis Dzerve,Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk,Narges Ebrahimi,Ricky Eddie,Ebrahim Eftekhar,Vasiliki Efthymiou,Eruke Egbagbe,Robert Eggertsen,Sareh Eghtesad,Clara Ejembi,Mohammad El-Khateeb,Jalila Ati,Denise Eldemire‐Shearer,Roberto Elosúa,Ofem Enang,Rajiv Erasmus,Cihangir Erem,Gül Ergör,Louise Eriksen,Johan Eriksson,Ali Esmaeili,Roger Evans,Guy Fagherazzi,Noushin Fahimfar,Ildar Fakhradiyev,Albina Fakhretdinova,Caroline Fall,Elnaz Faramarzi,Mojtaba Farjam,Farshad Farzadfar,Yosef Farzi,Mohammad Fattahi,Asher Fawwad,Francisco Félix-Redondo,Trevor Ferguson,Daniel Fernández-Bergés,Desha Fernando,Thomas Ferrao,Marika Ferrari,Maurizio Ferrario,Catterina Ferreccio,Eldridge Ferrer,Edith Feskens,Günther Fink,David Flood,Maria Forsner,Sandrine Fosse‐Edorh,Edward Fottrell,Heba Fouad,Damian Francis,Guillermo Frontera,Isti Fujiati,Fumihiko Matsuda,Takuro Furusawa,Zbigniew Gaciong,Fabio Galvano,Sarah Garnett,Jean-Michel Gaspoz,Magda Gasull,Andrea Gazzinelli,Ulrike Gehring,Ebrahim Ghaderi,Seyyed‐Hadi Ghamari,Ali Ghanbari,Erfan Ghasemi,Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea,Anup Ghimire,Alessandro Gialluisi,Simona Giampaoli,Francesco Gianfagna,Tiffany Gill,Jonathan Giovannelli,Glen Gironella,Aleksander Giwercman,Marcel Goldberg,David Goltzman,Aleksandra Gomuła,Helen Gonçalves,Mauer Gonçalves,David González‐Chica,Marcela González‐Gross,Juan González-Rivas,Angel Gonzalez,Atsushi Goto,F. Gottrand,Dušan Grafnetter,Maria Grammatikopoulou,Andriene Grant,Anne Grimsgaard,Tomasz Grodzicki,Anders Grøntved,Giuseppe Grosso,Dongfeng Gu,Vilmundur Guðnason,Ramiro Guerrero,Idris Guessous,Unjali Gujral,Rajeev Gupta,Laura Gutiérrez,Xinyi Gwee,Seongjun Ha,Rosa Haghshenas,Hamid Hakimi,Ian Hambleton,Behrooz Hamzeh,Dominique Hange,Sari Hantunen,Jie Hao,Javad Harooni,Seyed Hashemi‐Shahri,Jun Hata,Alison Hayes,Jiang He,Rafael Henrique,Ana Henriques,Sauli Herrala,Karl‐Heinz Herzig,Ramin Heshmat,Allan Hill,Sai Ho,Michelle Holdsworth,Reza Homayounfar,Wilma Hopman,Andrea Horimoto,Claudia Hormiga,Bernardo Horta,Leila Houti,Christina Howitt,Thein Htay,Aung Htet,Maung Htike,José Huerta,Ilpo Huhtaniemi,Laetitia Huiart,Martijn Huisman,Monica Hunsberger,Abdullatif Husseini,Inge Huybrechts,Licia Iacoviello,Ellina Iakupova,Anna Iannone,Norazizah Wong,Chinwuba Ijoma,Vilma Irazola,Takafumi Ishida,Sheikh Islam,Duygu Işlek,Till Ittermann,Masanori Iwasaki,Tuija Jääskeläinen,Jeremy Jacobs,Hashem Jaddou,Michel Jadoul,Bakary Jallow,Kenneth James,Kazi Jamil,Edward Janus,Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin,Grazyna Jasienska,Ana Jelaković,Garry Jennings,Anjani Jha,AM Jibo,Ramon Jimenez,Karl-Heinz Jöckel,Jari Jokelainen,Jost Jonas,Josipa Josipović,Farahnaz Joukar,Jacek Jozwiak,Anthony Kafatos,Eero Kajantie,Zhanna Kalmatayeva,Ofra Kalter-Leibovici,Argyro Karakosta,Khem Karki,Marzieh Katibeh,Prasad Katulanda,Jussi Kauhanen,Gyulli Kazakbaeva,François Kaze,Calvin Ke,Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi,Roya Kelishadi,Maryam Keramati,Mathilde Kersting,Kazem Khalagi,Arsalan Khaledifar,Davood Khalili,Bahareh Kheiri,Motahareh Kheradmand,Alireza Khosravi,Ursula Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer,Sophia Kiechl,Stefan Kiechl,Hyeon Kim,Andrew Kingston,Heidi Klakk,Jana Klánová,Michael Knoflach,Patrick Kolsteren,Jürgen König,Raija Korpelainen,Paul Korrovits,Jelena Kos,Seppo Koskinen,Sudhir Kowlessur,Sławomir Kozieł,Wolfgang Kratzer,Susi Kriemler,Peter Kristensen,Steinar Krokstad,Daan Kromhout,Růžena Kubínová,Urho Kujala,Mukhtar Kulimbet,Vaitheeswaran Kulothungan,Meena Kumari,В. Куценко,Catherine Kyobutungi,Quang La,Tiina Laatikainen,Demetre Labadarios,Carl Lachat,Youcef Laid,Lachmie Lall,Anne Langsted,Tiina Lankila,Vĕra Lánska,Georg Lappas,Bagher Larijani,Tint Latt,Martino Laurenzi,Gwenaëlle Coroller,Jeannette Lee,Terho Lehtimäki,Daniel Lemogoum,GM Leung,Charlie Lim,Wei-Yen Lim,Maria Lima‐Costa,Yijing Lin,Lars Lind,Lauren Lissner,Liping Liu,X. Liu,Wei-Cheng Lo,Helle‐Mai Loit,Esther Lopez-Garcia,Tania Lopez,José Lozano,Dalia Lukšienė,Annamari Lundqvist,Nuno Lunet,Thomas Lung,Michala Lustigová,Guansheng Ma,George Machado‐Coelho,Aristides Machado-Rodrigues,Enguerran Macia,Luisa Macieira,Ahmed Madar,Gladys Maestre,Stefania Maggi,Dianna Magliano,Emmanuella Magriplis,Gowri Mahasampath,Bernard Maire,Márcia Makdisse,Konstantinos Makrilakis,Mohammad‐Reza Malekpour,Fatemeh Malekzadeh,Reza Malekzadeh,Sofia Malyutina,Lynell Maniego,Yannis Μanios,Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei,Enzo Manzato,Mala Mapatano,Anie Marcil,Francisco Mardones,Paula Margozzini,Pedro Marques‐Vidal,Larissa Marques,Reynaldo Martorell,Luis Mascarenhas,Mannix Imani,Masoud Masinaei,Shariq Masoodi,Ellisiv Mathiesen,Prashant Mathur,Tandi Matsha,Anselmo Posso,Shelly McFarlane,Stephen McGarvey,Scott McLean,Breige McNulty,Sounnia Benchekor,Kirsten Mehlig,Amir Mehrparvar,Jesús Melgarejo,Fabián Méndez,Ana Menezes,Alibek Mereke,Indrapal Meshram,Diane Meto,Nathalie Michels,Cláudia Minderico,GK Mini,Juan Miquel,J Miranda,Mohammad Mirjalili,Daphne Mirkopoulou,Pietro Modesti,Sahar Moghaddam,Kazem Mohammad,Mohammad Mohammadi,Zahra Mohammadi,Noushin Mohammadifard,Reza Mohammadpourhodki,Muhammad Yusoff,Iraj Mohebbi,Niels Møller,Dénes Molnár,Amirabbas Momenan,Roger Mendoza,Mahmood Moosazadeh,Farhad Moradpour,Alain Morejón,Luís Moreno,Kàren Morgan,Suzanne Morin,George Moschonis,Alireza Moslem,Mildrey Mosquera,Małgorzata Mossakowska,Aya Mostafa,Seyed‐Ali Mostafavi,Eugen Moţa,Jorge Mota,Maria Moţa,Mohammad Motlagh,Jorge Motta,Kelias Msyamboza,Thet Mu,Maria Muiesan,Patricia Munroe,Jaakko Mursu,Kamarul Musa,Norlaila Mustafa,Muel Muyer,Iraj Nabipour,Gabriele Nagel,Balkish Naidu,Farid Najafi,Jana Námešná,Ei Nang,Vinay Nangia,Take Naseri,Ana Navarro-Ramírez,Nareemarn Neelapaichit,Azim Nejatizadeh,Ilona Nenko,Flavio Nervi,Tze Ng,Chung Nguyen,Nguyen Nguyen,Quang Nguyen,Michael Ni,Peng Nie,Ramfis Nieto‐Martínez,Guang Ning,Toshiharu Ninomiya,Nobuo Nishi,Marianna Noale,Oscar Noboa,Mitsuhiko Noda,Børge Nordestgaard,Davide Noto,Mohannad Nsour,İrfan Nuhoğlu,Moffat Nyirenda,Terence O'Neill,Kyungwon Oh,Ryutaro Ohtsuka,Mohd Omar,Altan Onat,Sok Ong,Obinna Onodugo,Pedro Ordunez,Rui Ornelas,Pedro Ortiz,Clive Osmond,Afshin Ostovar,Johanna Otero,Charlotte Ottendahl,Akaninyene Otu,Ellis Owusu-Dabo,Elena Pahomova,Luigi Palmieri,Wen-Harn Pan,Demosthenes Panagiotakos,Songhomitra Panda-Jonas,Zengchang Pang,Francesco Panza,Mariela Paoli,Suyeon Park,Mahboubeh Parsaeian,Chona Patalen,Nikhil Patel,Raimund Pechlaner,Ivan Pećin,João Pedro,Sérgio Peixoto,Markku Peltonen,Alexandre Pereira,Thaliane Prazeres,Niloofar Peykari,Modou Phall,Son Pham,Rafael Pichardo,Iris Pigeot,Hynek Pikhart,Aida Pilav,Pavel Piler,Freda Pitakaka,Aleksandra Piwońska,Andréia Pizarro,Pedro Plans-Rubió,Silvia Plata,Barry Popkin,Miquel Porta,Anil Poudyal,Farhad Pourfarzi,Akram Pourshams,Hossein Poustchi,Dorairaj Prabhakaran,Rajendra Pradeepa,Alison Price,Jackie Price,Rui Providência,Jardena Puder,Soile Puhakka,Margus Punab,Qing Qiao,Mostafa Qorbani,Hedley Quintana,Tran Bao,Ričardas Radišauskas,Salar Rahimikazerooni,Olli Raitakari,Ambady Ramachandran,Manuel Ramírez‐Zea,Jacqueline Ramke,Elisabete Ramos,Rafel Ramos,Lekhraj Rampal,Sanjay Rampal,Sheena Ramsay,Daniel Reina,Ravindra Rannan‐Eliya,Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi,Josep Redón,Jane Renner,Cézane Reuter,Luis Revilla,Negar Rezaei,Abbas Rezaianzadeh,Yeunsook Rho,Fernando Rigo,Leanne Riley,Ulf Risérus,Reina Roa,Louise Robinson,Wendy Rodríguez-Anderson,Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo,Miguel Rodríguez‐Pérez,Laura Rodríguez-Villamizar,Andrea Rodríguez,Ulla Roggenbuck,Peter Rohloff,Rosalba Rojas,Elisabetta Romeo,Annika Rosengren,Joël Roy,Adolfo Rubinstein,María Ruiz‐Castell,Paola Russo,Petra Rust,Marcin Rutkowski,Charumathi Sabanayagam,Hamideh Sabbaghi,Harshpal Sachdev,Alireza Sadjadi,Ali Safarpour,Sare Safi,Saeid Safiri,Mohammad Saghi,Olfa Saidi,Satoko Sakata,Nader Saki,Sanja Šalaj,Benoit Salanave,Jukka Salonen,Massimo Salvetti,José Sánchez-Abanto,Diana Santos,Lèlita Santos,Maria Santos,Rute Santos,Tamara Santos,Jouko Saramies,Luís Sardinha,Nizal Sarrafzadegan,Yoko Sato,Kai-Uwe Saum,Stefan Savin,Norie Sawada,Mariana Sbaraini,Márcia Scazufca,Beatriz Schaan,Hermán Schargrodsky,Christa Scheidt‐Nave,Sabine Schipf,Amand Schmidt,Börge Schmidt,Carsten Schmidt,Peter Schnohr,C. Schooling,Ben Schöttker,Sara Schramm,Sylvain Sebert,Moslem Sedaghattalab,Aye Sein,Abhijit Sen,Sadaf Sepanlou,Jennifer Servais,Ronel Sewpaul,S. Shalnova,Seyed Shamshirgaran,Coimbatore Shanthirani,Maryam Sharafkhah,Sanjib Sharma,Almaz Sharman,Amaneh Shayanrad,Ali Shayesteh,Kenji Shibuya,Hana Shimizu-Furusawa,Rahman Shiri,Marat Shoranov,Namuna Shrestha,Khairil Si-Ramlee,Alfonso Siani,Mark Siedner,Diego Silva,Xueling Sim,Moesijanti Soekatri,Judith Simons,Leon Simons,Michael Sjöström,Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer,Przemysław Ślusarczyk,Liam Smeeth,Stefan Söderberg,Agustinus Soemantri,Vincenzo Solfrizzi,Mohammad Somi,Aïcha Soumaré,Alfonso Sousa‐Poza,Mafalda Sousa‐Uva,Karen Sparrenberger,Jan Staessen,Andreas Stang,Bill Stavreski,Jostein Steene-Johannessen,Peter Stehle,Aryeh Stein,Jochanan Stessman,Jakub Stokwiszewski,Karien Stronks,Milton Suarez‐Ortegón,Phalakorn Suebsamran,Machi Suka,Chien‐An Sun,Jianping Sun,Johan Sundström,Paibul Suriyawongpaisal,René Sylva,E Tai,Furusawa Takuro,Abdonas Tamošiūnas,Eng Tan,Baimakhan Tanabayev,Nikhil Tandon,Mohammed Tarawneh,Carolina Mamani,Anne Taylor,Tania Tello,Yih‐Chung Tham,Holger Theobald,Xenophon Theodoridis,Nihal Thomas,Amanda Thrift,Erik Timmermans,Hanna Tolonen,Janne Tolstrup,Maciej Tomaszewski,Murat Topbaş,Michael Tornaritis,Maties Torrent,Laura Torres‐Collado,Giota Touloumi,Pierre Traissac,Αreti Triantafyllou,Oanh Trinh,Yu-Hsiang Tsao,Thomas Tsiampalis,Shoichiro Tsugane,John Tuitele,Azaliia Tuliakova,Marshall Tulloch-Reid,Tomi‐Pekka Tuomainen,Maria Turley,Evangelia Tzala,Christophe Tzourio,Peter Ueda,Eunice Ugel,Flora Ukoli,Hanno Ulmer,Hannu Uusitalo,Gonzalo Valdívia,Damaskini Valvi,Rob Dam,Bert‐Jan Born,Johan Heyden,Hoàng Minh,Lenie Rossem,Natasja Schoor,Irene Valkengoed,Dirk Vanderschueren,Diego Vanuzzo,Anette Varbo,Senthil Vasan,Tomás Vega,Toomas Veidebaum,Gustavo Velásquez-Meléndez,Charlotte Verdot,Giovanni Veronesi,Roosmarijn Verstraeten,Cesar Víctora,Lucie Viet,Luís Villarroel,Jesús Vioqué,Jyrki Virtanen,Bharathi Viswanathan,Péter Vollenweider,Ari Voutilainen,Martine Vrijheid,Janette Walton,Wan Bebakar,Wan Mohamud,Chongjian Wang,Huijun Wang,Li Wang,Qian Wang,Wei‐Qing Wang,Ya Wang,Yi‐Ren Wang,Ying-Wei Wang,S Wannamethee,Karen Webster‐Kerr,Niels Wedderkopp,Wenbin Wei,Leo Westbury,Peter Whincup,Kurt Widhalm,Indah Widyahening,Andrzej Więcek,Nilmini Wijemunige,Rainford Wilks,Karin Willeit,Peter Willeit,Tom Wilsgaard,Bogdan Wojtyniak,Roy Wong-McClure,Andrew Wong,Emily Wong,Mark Woodward,Chao-Chun Wu,Frederick Wu,Haiquan Xu,Liang Xu,Yu Xu,Nor Yaacob,Li Yan,Weili Yan,Yasuharu Tabara,C.-Y. Yeh,Moein Yoosefi,Akihiro Yoshihara,San‐Lin You,Yu‐Ling Yu,Ahmad Yusoff,Ahmad Zainuddin,Farhad Zamani,Sabina Zambon,Antonis Zampelas,Abdul Zargar,Ko Zaw,Tajana Vrkić,Yi Zeng,Bing Zhang,Lei Zhang,Luxia Zhang,Zhenyu Zhang,Ming‐Hui Zhao,Wenhua Zhao,Bekbolat Zholdin,Paul Zimmet,Marie Zins,Emanuel Zitt,Nada Zoghlami,Julio Cisneros,Majid Ezzati,Jean‐François Dufour