Abstract

Monitoring crude oil spills in coastal areas is challenging due to limitations in traditional in situ methods. Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) offers a high-resolution approach to monitoring the subsurface spatial distribution of crude oil, but its effectiveness in highly-resistive, unsaturated coastal sands with varying salinity remains unexplored. This study assessed the effectiveness of ERI for monitoring crude oil spills in sandy soil using a 200 × 60 × 60 cm 3D sandbox filled with medium-fine-grained sand under unsaturated conditions. Two liters of crude oil were spilled under controlled conditions and monitored for 48 h using two surface ERI transects with 98 electrodes spaced every 2 cm and a dipole–dipole electrode array. The influence of varying salinity was simulated by varying the pore-fluid conductivities at four levels (0.6, 20, 50, and 85 mS/cm). After 48 h, the results show a percentage resistivity increase of 980%, 280%, 142%, and 70% for 0.6, 20, 50, and 85 mS/cm, respectively. The crude oil migration patterns varied with porewater salinity as higher salinity enhanced the crude oil retention at shallow depth. High salinity produces a smaller resistivity contrast, thus limiting the sensitivity of ERI in detecting the crude oil contaminant. These findings underscore the need to account for salinity variations when designing remediation strategies, as elevated salinity may restrict crude oil migration, resulting in localized contaminations.