Abstract

Background: Psychological stress and poor sleep quality are interrelated and disproportionately affect adults who have multiple risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Sleep hygiene practices, such as maintaining an optimal household environment and engaging in healthy bedtime behaviors, are essential to sleep health. These practices may also impact psychological stress; however, their relationships remain under-studied. This study aimed to examine the associations among sleep hygiene practices, sleep quality, and psychological stress in adults with multiple CVD risk factors. Methods: Adults diagnosed with hypertension and type 2 diabetes completed an online survey (N = 300). Psychological stress and sleep quality were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale 4 and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively. A sleep hygiene instrument was used to examine 8 individual factors focusing on negative household environment (safety, physical comfort, temperature, and light) and poor in-bed behaviors (watching TV, playing video games, using screens, and eating). Multiple regression was employed to examine the association of each sleep hygiene factor with sleep quality and psychological stress. Subsequently, mediation analyses were conducted to examine the mediating role of sleep in the association between the composite sleep hygiene score and psychological stress. Results: Of the sample, 78% reported poor sleep quality and 44% reported high psychological stress. Individual sleep hygiene factors (e.g., unsafe household and eating at bedtime), as well as the composite sleep hygiene score, were significantly associated with poorer sleep quality and higher psychological stress. Sleep quality partially mediated the association between the composite sleep hygiene score and psychological stress (Indirect effect: 0.183; 95% bootstrap confidence interval: 0.057-0.339). Conclusions: The findings showed strong links between sleep hygiene practices, sleep quality, and psychological stress. Although causality cannot be inferred, current evidence suggests that promoting sleep hygiene education and implementing strategies to enhance sleep quality may alleviate psychological burdens in adults with multiple CVD risk factors.