Abstract

A major goal in synthetic development is to build gene regulatory circuits that control patterning. In natural development, an interplay between mechanical and chemical communication shapes the dynamics of multicellular gene regulatory circuits. For synthetic circuits, how non-genetic properties of the growth environment impact circuit behavior remains poorly explored. Here, we first describe an occurrence of mechano-chemical coupling in synthetic Notch (synNotch) patterning circuits: high cell density decreases synNotch-gated gene expression in different cellular systems in vitro. We then construct, both in vitro and in silico, a synNotch-based signal propagation circuit whose outcome can be regulated by cell density. Spatial and temporal patterning outcomes of this circuit can be predicted and controlled via modulation of cell proliferation, initial cell density, and/or spatial distribution of cell density. Our work demonstrates that synthetic patterning circuit outcome can be controlled via cellular growth, providing a means for programming multicellular circuit patterning outcomes. A major goal in synthetic development is to build gene regulatory circuits that control patterning. Here the authors discover that elevated cell density dampens SynNotch signaling, enabling the design of density-dependent synNotch patterning circuits where multicellular patterning outcomes are programmed by controlled cell proliferation in time and space.