Abstract Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) has become a powerful geophysical technique for investigating soil water dynamics. In this study, we proposed an inversion scheme based on Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) to monitor the change of SWC from the time-lapse of the full waveform of GPR data. The scheme was applied to GPR data acquired during a drainage experiment. Five traces at different times were selected in the experiment. The results show that the proposed scheme is very promising for directly and non-invasively monitoring of SWC change from the time-lapse of the full waveform inversion of GPR data based on field scale GWO algorithm.

Time–lapse monitoring of soil water content by full GPR waveform inversion with Grey Wolf Optimizer