Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Regina-Mae Dominguez,Jianing Ma,Samuel Albertson,Amanda Novotney,Fakher Rahim,Christopher Troeger,Matthew Doxey,Jorge Ledesma,Sarah Sirota,Rose Bender,Lucien Swetschinski,Matthew Cunningham,Sandra Spearman,Yohannes Abate,Abdallah Magied,Samar ElHafeez,Meriem Abdoun,Bayeh Abera,Hassan Abidi,Richard Aboagye,Yonas Abtew,Hasan Abualruz,Eman Abu-Gharbieh,Hana Abukhadijah,Salahdein Aburuz,Isaac Addo,Victor Adekanmbi,Charles Adetunji,Temitayo Adeyeoluwa,Ripon Adhikary,Qorinah Adnani,Saryia Adra,Leticia Adzigbli,Aanuoluwapo Afolabi,Muhammad Afzal,Saira Afzal,Suneth Agampodi,Feleke Agide,Bright Ahinkorah,Aqeel Ahmad,Sajjad Ahmad,Ali Ahmed,Ayman Ahmed,Haroon Ahmed,Saeed Ahmed,Karolina Akinosoglou,Ema Akter,Salah Awaidy,Muaaz Alajlani,Khurshid Alam,Almaza Albakri,Mohammed ALBashtawy,Wafa Aldhaleei,Abdelazeem Algammal,Adel Al‐Gheethi,Abid Ali,Syed Ali,Waad Ali,Sheikh Alif,Syed Aljunid,Sabah Al-Marwani,Joseph Almazan,Hesham Al‐Mekhlafi,Sami Almustanyir,Saleh Alqahatni,Ahmad Alrawashdeh,Rami Al‐Rifai,Mohammed Alsabri,Awais Altaf,Khalid Altirkawi,Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán,Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk,Mohammad Alyahya,Walid Al-Zyoud,Dickson Amugsi,Cătălina Andrei,Sébastien Antoni,Boluwatife Anuoluwa,Iyadunni Anuoluwa,Saleha Anwar,Palwasha Anwari,Geminn Apostol,Jalal Arabloo,Mosab Arafat,Aleksandr Aravkin,Demelash Areda,Brhane Berhe,Abdulfatai Aremu,Michael Arndt,Akeza Asgedom,Tahira Ashraf,Seyyed Athari,Alok Atreya,Firayad Ayele,Davood Azadi,Gulrez Azhar,Shahkaar Aziz,Ahmed Azzam,Giridhara Babu,Pegah Taqanaki,Saeed Bahramian,Senthilkumar Balakrishnan,Biswajit Banik,Simachew Bante,Mainak Bardhan,Till Bärnighausen,Hiba Barqawi,Amadou Barrow,Zarrin Basharat,Quique Bassat,Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan,Saurav Basu,Prapthi Bathini,Payam Behzadi,Maryam Beiranvand,Muhammad Bello,Olorunjuwon Bello,Apostolos Beloukas,Azizullah Beran,Dinesh Bhandari,Pankaj Bhardwaj,Zulfiqar Bhutta,Hamed Borhany,Souad Bouaoud,Michael Bräuer,Danilo Buonsenso,Zahid Butt,KM Shivakumar,Luis Cámera,Angelo Capodici,Carlos Castañeda-Orjuela,Muthia Cenderadewi,Chiranjib Chakraborty,Sandip Chakraborty,Vijay Chattu,Anis Chaudhary,Fatemeh Chichagi,Patrick Ching,Jesús Chirinos-Cáceres,Hitesh Chopra,Sonali Choudhari,E. Chowdhury,Dinh‐Toi Chu,Isaac Chukwu,Muhammad Chutiyami,Natália Martins,Omid Dadras,Xiaochen Dai,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Samuel Darcho,Jai Das,Nihar Dash,Iván Delgado‐Enciso,Belay Desye,Vinoth Chellaiyan,Kuldeep Dhama,Meghnath Dhimal,Michael Diaz,Thanh Chi,Sushil Dohare,Fariba Dorostkar,Ojas Doshi,Leila Doshmangir,Haneil Dsouza,Senbagam Duraisamy,Oyewole Durojaiye,Abdel E’mar,Abdelaziz Ed‐Dra,Hisham Edinur,Defi Efendi,Ferry Efendi,Foolad Eghbali,Temitope Ekundayo,Iman Sayed,Muhammed Elhadi,Ashraf El‐Metwally,Mohammed Elshaer,Ibrahim Elsohaby,Chadi Eltaha,Babak Eshrati,Majid Eslami,Ayesha Fahim,Ildar Fakhradiyev,Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh,Mohammad Farahmand,Folorunso Fasina,Modupe Fasina,Alireza Feizkhah,Ginenus Fekadu,Nuno Ferreira,Getahun Fetensa,Florian Fischer,Takeshi Fukumoto,Blima Fux,Muktar Gadanya,Santosh Gaihre,Márió Gajdács,Yaseen Galali,Aravind Gandhi,Rupesh Gautam,Miglas Gebregergis,Mesfin Gebrehiwot,Teferi Gebremeskel,Motuma Getachew,Genanew Getahun,Molla Getie,Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh,Ramy Ghazy,Sherief Ghozy,Artyom Gil,Alem Girmay,Abraham Gizaw,Mahaveer Golechha,Pouya Goleij,Philimon Gona,Ayman Grada,Giovanni Guarducci,Mesay Dechasa,Vivek Gupta,Awoke Habteyohannes,Najah Hadi,Samer Hamidi,Erin Hamilton,Harapan Harapan,Md. Hasan,S Hasan,Hamidreza Hasani,Md Hasnain,Ikrama Hassan,Jiawei He,Mehdi Hemmati,Kamal Hezam,Mehdi Hosseinzadeh,Junjie Huang,Hong-Han Huynh,Segun Ibitoye,Kevin Ikuta,Olayinka Ilesanmi,Irena Ilić,Milena Ilić,Sumant Inamdar,Mustafa Isa,Md. Islam,Sheikh Islam,Nahlah Ismail,Chidozie Iwu,Kathryn Jacobsen,Haitham Jahrami,Akhil Jain,Nityanand Jain,Ammar Jairoun,Mihajlo Jakovljević,Reza Yengejeh,Javad Javidnia,Shubha Jayaram,Mohammad Jokar,Jost Jonas,Abel Joseph,Nitin Joseph,Jacek Jozwiak,Hannaneh Kabir,Dler Kadir,Md Kamal,Vineet Kamal,Arun Kamireddy,Tanuj Kanchan,Kehinde Kanmodi,Suthanthira S,Rami Kantar,Jafar Karami,Prabin Karki,Hengameh Kasraei,Harkiran Kaur,Mohammad Keykhaei,Yousef Khader,Alireza Khalilian,Faham Khamesipour,Gulfaraz Khan,Mohammad Khan,Zeeshan Khan,Vishnu Khanal,Khaled Khatab,Moawiah Khatatbeh,Amir Khater,Khalid Kheirallah,Feriha Khidri,Atulya Khosla,Kwanghyun Kim,Young‐Eun Kim,Adnan Kısa,Niranjan Kissoon,Desmond Klu,Sonali Kochhar,Ali‐Asghar Kolahi,Farzad Kompani,Soewarta Kosen,Kewal Krishan,Barthélémy Defo,Md Kuddus,Mohammed Kuddus,Mukhtar Kulimbet,G Kumar,Rakesh Kumar,Frank Kyei-Arthur,Chandrakant Lahariya,Nhi Le,Yo Lee,Wei‐Chen Lee,Yeong Lee,Ming‐Chieh Li,Virendra Ligade,Gang Liu,Shuke Liu,Xiaofeng Liu,Xue‐Feng Liu,Chun‐Han Lo,Giancarlo Lucchetti,Lei Lv,Kashish Malhotra,Ahmad Malik,Bishnu Marasini,Miquel Martorell,Roy Marzo,Hossein Masoumi-Asl,Medha Mathur,Navgeet Mathur,Rishi Mediratta,Elahe Meftah,Tesfahun Meto,Hadush Meles,Endalkachew Melese,Walter Mendoza,Mohsen Merati,Tuomo Meretoja,Tomislav Mestrovic,Sachith Mettananda,Le Minh,Vinaytosh Mishra,Prasanna Mithra,Ashraf Mohamadkhani,Ahmed Mohamed,Mouhand Mohamed,Nouh Mohamed,Mustapha Mohammed,Shafiu Mohammed,Lorenzo Monasta,Mohammad Moni,Rohith Motappa,Vincent Mougin,Sumaira Mubarik,Francesk Mulita,Kavita Munjal,Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan,Pirouz Naghavi,Gurudatta Naik,Tapas Nair,Hastyar Najmuldeen,Shumaila Nargus,Delaram Davani,Abdulqadir Nashwan,Zuhair Natto,Athare Nazri-Panjaki,Gordon Nchanji,Pacifique Ndishimye,Josephine Ngunjiri,Duc Nguyen,Nhien Nguyen,Nguyễn Thành,Yeshambel Nigatu,Ali Nikoobar,Vikram Niranjan,Chukwudi Nnaji,Efaq Noman,Nurulamin Noor,Syed Noor,Mehran Nouri,Majid Nozari,Chisom Nri-Ezedi,Fred Nugen,Ismail Odetokun,Adesola Ogunfowokan,Tolulope Ojo-Akosile,Iruka Okeke,Akinkunmi Okekunle,Abdulhakeem Olorukooba,Isaac Olufadewa,Gideon Oluwatunase,Verner Orish,Doris Ortega-Altamirano,Esteban Ortiz‐Prado,Uchechukwu Osuagwu,Olayinka Osuolale,Amel Ouyahia,Jagadish Padubidri,Anamika Pandey,Ashok Pandey,Victoria Pando‐Robles,Shahina Pardhan,Romil Parikh,Jay Patel,Shankargouda Patil,Shrikant Pawar,Prince Peprah,Perianayagam Arokiasamy,Simone Perna,Ionela-Roxana Petcu,Armelle Philip,Р. Полибин,Maarten Postma,Naeimeh Pourtaheri,Jalandhar Pradhan,Elton Prates,Dimas Pribadi,Nameer Qasim,Asma Qazi,R Deepthi,Venkatraman Radhakrishnan,Mosiur Rahman,Muhammad Rahman,Shayan Rahmani,Mohammad Rahmanian,Nazanin Rahmanian,Mahmoud Ramadan,Shakthi Ramasamy,Sheena Ramazanu,Muhammed Rameto,Pramod Ramteke,Kritika Rana,Chhabi Ranabhat,Davide Rasella,Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi,Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani,Devarajan Rathish,Santosh Rauniyar,Salman Rawaf,Elrashdy Redwan,Aavishkar Regmi,Kannan Rengasamy,Nazila Rezaei,Nima Rezaei,Mohsen Rezaeian,Abanoub Riad,Mônica Rodrigues,Jefferson Buendía,Leonardo Roever,Ravi Rohilla,Luca Ronfani,Moustaq Rony,Allen Ross,Shekoufeh Roudashti,Bedanta Roy,Tilleye Runghien,Mamta Dhingra,Basema Saddik,Erfan Sadeghi,Mehdi Safari,Soumya Sahoo,S. Sajadi,Afeez Salami,Mohamed Saleh,Hossein Kafil,Yoseph Samodra,Juan Sanabria,Rama Sanjeev,T. Sarkar,Benn Sartorius,Brijesh Sathian,Maheswar Satpathy,Monika Sawhney,Austin Schumacher,Mengistu Sebsibe,Dragoş Şerban,Mahan Shafie,Samiah Shahid,Wajeehah Shahid,Masood Shaikh,Sunder Sham,Muhammad Shamim,Mehran Shams-Beyranvand,Mohammad Shamshirgaran,Mohd Shanawaz,Mohammed Shannawaz,Amin Sharifan,Manoj Sharma,Vishal Sharma,Suchitra Shenoy,Samendra Sherchan,Mahabalesh Shetty,Pavanchand Shetty,Desalegn Shiferaw,Aminu Shittu,Seyed Shorofi,Emmanuel Siddig,Luís Silva,Baljinder Singh,Ambrish Singh,Robert Sinto,Bogdan Socea,Heidi Soeters,Anton Sokhan,Prashant Sood,Soroush Soraneh,Chandrashekhar Sreeramareddy,Suresh Srinivasamurthy,Vijay Srivastava,Muhammad Stanikzai,Narayan Subedi,Vetriselvan Subramaniyan,Sahabi Sulaiman,Muhammad Suleman,Chandan Swain,Łukasz Szarpak,Sree Yella,Seyyed Tabatabaei,Celine Tabche,Zanan Taha,Ashis Talukder,Jacques Tamuzi,Ker‐Kan Tan,Sarmila Tandukar,Mohamad‐Hani Temsah,Ocean Thakali,Ramna Thakur,Thirunavukkarasu Sathish,Joe Thomas,Nikhil Thomas,Jansje Ticoalu,Krishna Tiwari,Marcos Tovani‐Palone,Khai Tram,An Tran,Nghia Tran,Thang Tran,Samuel Tromans,Thien Truyen,Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu,Aniefiok Udoakang,Arit Udoh,Saeed Ullah,Muhammad Umair,Muhammad Umar,Brigid Unim,Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan,Sanaz Vahdati,Asokan Vaithinathan,Rohollah Valizadeh,Madhur Verma,Georgios‐Ioannis Verras,Manish Vinayak,Yasir Waheed,Mandaras Tariku,Yanzhong Wang,Muhammad Waqas,Kosala Weerakoon,Nuwan Wickramasinghe,Asrat Wolde,Felicia Wu,Sajad Yaghoubi,Sanni Yaya,Saber Yezli,Vahit Yiğit,Dehui Yin,Dong Yon,Naohiro Yonemoto,Hadiza Yusuf,Mondal Zahid,Fathiah Zakham,Leila Zaki,Iman Zare,Михаил Застрожин,Mohammed Zeariya,Haijun Zhang,Zhi‐Jiang Zhang,Abzal Zhumagaliuly,Hafsa Zia,Mohammad Zoladl,Ali Mokdad,Stephen Lim,Theo Vos,James Platts-Mills,Jonathan Mosser,Robert Reiner,Simon Hay,Mohsen Naghavi,Christopher Murray,Salah AbuRuz,Aziza Ahmed,Ahmed Y. Azzam,K. Shivakumar,Michael Díaz,Atiqur Khan