This study examined the mediating role of resilience and the moderating role of grip strength (handgrip) in the relationship between mindfulness and non-restorative sleep (NRS) and evaluated the non-linear association between mindfulness and NRS among university freshmen students. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 384 university students were recruited from Be Resilient to Nursing Career (BRNC) from two universities in June 2022. The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Non-restorative Sleep Scale, and handgrip were administered. Latent profile analysis, moderated mediation analysis, and generalized additive model analysis were performed. The following three subgroups were identified through the latent profile analysis: low mindfulness (21%), medium mindfulness (49.4%), and high mindfulness (29.6%). While the significant mediating role of resilience between mindfulness and NRS was confirmed (SE = 0.041, p < 0.05), the moderating role of handgrip was not statistically significant. A non-linear relationship was verified between mindfulness and NRS.

Associations between mindfulness and non-restorative sleep: the roles of resilience and handgrip