Abstract

Abstract One of the most technologically advanced treatment modalities for cancer is radiotherapy (RT). Because of advancements in computer and engineering over the past few decades, RT approaches have undergone significant modification. Our goal is to draw attention to the latest advancements in radiation oncology, with an emphasis on both biological and technological innovations. Modern treatment methods using photon beams, including intensity-modulated radiotherapy, volumetric-modulated arc therapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, and adaptive radiotherapy, will be demonstrated. A highly customized dosage distribution with the greatest amount of normal tissue preservation is feasible. Imaging, defining the tumor and the organs at risk, treatment planning, and, lastly, image-guidance for precise tumor localization both before and during treatment delivery will all be examined. The critical function that imaging plays throughout the entire process will receive special attention. In the case of adaptive radiotherapy, multimodality imaging that combines morphological, functional, and metabolic data is primarily responsible for the accurate identification of target volumes and the tracking of tumor response or change over the course of treatment. Furthermore, breathing adaptive approaches that correct for tumor movements caused by respiration require real-time imaging of the tumor. The recent popularity of particle beam therapy—specifically, the use of protons—as well as the relatively new experience with heavy particles like carbon ions will be briefly discussed. Lastly, we’ll examine the most recent biological developments in tumor targeting. In fact, the integration of radiobiological information to create more effective and individualized treatment plans has increased the efficacy of RT in addition to technological advancements.