Abstract

Abstract Water resources planning in England has undergone a significant transformation from a fragmented, piecemeal approach to a more strategic, multi-scale framework. This shift is a response to the pressing need for increased resilience in the face of climate change, population growth, and environmental pressures. Recognising the limitations of existing planning frameworks established during privatisation, new national, regional, company, and sub-regional frameworks have emerged to address gaps and enhance strategic planning efforts. Understanding the critical pathway dependencies, opportunities, and constraints allows reforms to be designed and implemented with a better chance of success. Several key features characterise water resources planning in England. Firstly, the systems are inherently complex and fragmented, requiring tailored approaches rather than one-size-fits-all solutions. Secondly, planning operates within a neoliberal framework emphasising economic efficiency. Thirdly, subjective concepts like risk, uncertainty, and value are managed through technical quantitative methods which can pose challenges for transparency. Fourthly, while legislation often operates in silos, there is a growing demand for more integrated planning approaches. Funding and regulatory powers play crucial roles in water resources planning. Access to capital is influenced by the institutional environment and broader economic and political factors, with government and regulators ultimately holding power over the framework. Companies, driven by the profit motive, are responsible for detailed planning and delivery, regulated by standards and reputational incentives. Public participation is framed as consumer engagement. Aligning incentives for public good with financial rewards and ensuring effective regulation are vital for the framework’s success.