Animals often decide between alternative actions according to their current needs, and hence the value they assign to each of the competing options [1Kristan W.B. Neuronal decision-making circuits.Curr. Biol. 2008; 18: R928-R932Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar, 2Rangel A. Camerer C. Montague P.R. A framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making.Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008; 9: 545-556Crossref PubMed Scopus (1188) Google Scholar, 3Gold J.I. Shadlen M.N. The neural basis of decision making.Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2007; 30: 535-574Crossref PubMed Scopus (2015) Google Scholar, 4Sugrue L.P. Corrado G.S. Newsome W.T. Choosing the greater of two goods: Neural currencies for valuation and decision making.Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2005; 6: 363-375Crossref PubMed Scopus (408) Google Scholar]. This process is of special relevance during nutrient balancing, in which animals choose between different food sources according to their current nutritional state [5Dethier V.G. The Hungry Fly: A Physiological Study of the Behavior Associated with Feeding. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.1976Google Scholar, 6Lee K.P. Simpson S.J. Clissold F.J. Brooks R. Ballard J.W. Taylor P.W. Soran N. Raubenheimer D. Lifespan and reproduction in Drosophila: New insights from nutritional geometry.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008; 105: 2498-2503Crossref PubMed Scopus (633) Google Scholar, 7Raubenheimer D. Simpson S.J. Integrative models of nutrient balancing: Application to insects and vertebrates.Nutr. Res. Rev. 1997; 10: 151-179Crossref PubMed Scopus (311) Google Scholar]. How such value-based decision making is implemented at the molecular and neuronal level in the brain is not well understood. Here we describe Drosophila melanogaster food choice as a genetically tractable model to study value-based decision making in the context of nutrient balancing. When faced with a choice between yeast and an alternative food source, flies deprived of protein prefer the yeast. We show here that mating status is a critical modulator of this decision-making process in females and that it relies on the action of the sex peptide receptor in internal ppk+ sensory neurons. Neuronal TOR/S6K function is another critical input to this decision, possibly signaling the fly's current nutritional status. We propose that the brain uses these internal states to assign value to external sensory information from potential food sources, thereby guiding food choice and ensuring nutrient homeostasis.