Abstract The ability to flexibly regulate emotions in a contextually appropriate manner is essential for individuals to adapt to varying social stresses, and companion inflexibility involves psychiatric diseases. The extent of this flexibility can be quantified by measuring neurovascular coupling (NVC)-based hemodynamics signal through functional brain imaging. However, whether NVC, in turn, plays an active role in emotion regulation remains unknown due to the absence of exclusive strategies for bidirectionally manipulating NVC. By establishing fifteen genetic mouse lines to suppress or enhance NVC, we demonstrated that NVC is an allostatic component that shapes emotion regulation flexibility. With NVC deficits, the same individual mice simultaneously exhibited being overwhelmed (hyper-response) and suppressing emotions (hypo-response), depending on different contexts. Surprisingly, by knocking down vascular mural cell contractile protein, local suppression of NVC within the basal lateral amygdala (BLA), a central emotion regulation hub, induces hyper-response. Mechanistically, such opposite responses were likely attributed to NVC’s opposite regulation of BLA’s neural activity in a context-dependent manner. Importantly, BLA local neuron-specific chemogenetic antagonization can attenuate hyper-response. More importantly, enhancing NVC alleviated emotional distress induced by acute and chronic restraint stress, highlighting the potential of NVC as a unique therapeutic target that may avoid directly acting on neurons. These findings indicate the active role of NVC in the bidirectional modulation of emotion regulation to fit varying contexts appropriately, emphasizing the necessity of proper NVC for maintaining the homeostasis of advanced brain functions.