Blood serum is a complex body fluid that contains various proteins ranging in concentration over at least 9 orders of magnitude. Using a combination of mass spectrometry technologies with improvements in sample preparation, we have performed a proteomic analysis with submilliliter quantities of serum and increased the measurable concentration range for proteins in blood serum beyond previous reports. We have detected 490 proteins in serum by on-line reversed-phase microcapillary liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry. To perform this analysis, immunoglobulins were removed from serum using protein A/G, and the remaining proteins were digested with trypsin. Resulting peptides were separated by strong cation exchange chromatography into distinct fractions prior to analysis. This separation resulted in a 3–5-fold increase in the number of proteins detected in an individual serum sample. With this increase in the number of proteins identified we have detected some lower abundance serum proteins (ng/ml range) including human growth hormone, interleukin-12, and prostate-specific antigen. We also used SEQUEST to compare different protein databases with and without filtering. This comparison is plotted to allow for a quick visual assessment of different databases as a subjective measure of analytical quality. With this study, we have performed the most extensive analysis of serum proteins to date and laid the foundation for future refinements in the identification of novel protein biomarkers of disease. Blood serum is a complex body fluid that contains various proteins ranging in concentration over at least 9 orders of magnitude. Using a combination of mass spectrometry technologies with improvements in sample preparation, we have performed a proteomic analysis with submilliliter quantities of serum and increased the measurable concentration range for proteins in blood serum beyond previous reports. We have detected 490 proteins in serum by on-line reversed-phase microcapillary liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry. To perform this analysis, immunoglobulins were removed from serum using protein A/G, and the remaining proteins were digested with trypsin. Resulting peptides were separated by strong cation exchange chromatography into distinct fractions prior to analysis. This separation resulted in a 3–5-fold increase in the number of proteins detected in an individual serum sample. With this increase in the number of proteins identified we have detected some lower abundance serum proteins (ng/ml range) including human growth hormone, interleukin-12, and prostate-specific antigen. We also used SEQUEST to compare different protein databases with and without filtering. This comparison is plotted to allow for a quick visual assessment of different databases as a subjective measure of analytical quality. With this study, we have performed the most extensive analysis of serum proteins to date and laid the foundation for future refinements in the identification of novel protein biomarkers of disease. Serum, derived from plasma with clotting factors removed, contains 60–80 mg of protein/ml in addition to various small molecules including salts, lipids, amino acids, and sugars (1.Burtis C.A. Ashwood E.R. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 5th Ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA2001Google Scholar). The major protein constituents of serum include albumin, immunoglobulins, transferrin, haptoglobin, and lipoproteins (1.Burtis C.A. Ashwood E.R. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 5th Ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA2001Google Scholar, 2.Turner M.W. Hulme B. The Plasma Proteins: An Introduction. Pitman Medical & Scientific Publishing Co., Ltd., London1970Google Scholar). In addition to these major constituents, serum also contains many other proteins that are synthesized and secreted, shed, or lost from cells and tissues throughout the body (3.Schrader M. Schulz-Knappe P. Peptidomics technologies for human body fluids.Trends Biotechnol. 2001; 19: S55-S60Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Google Scholar, 4.Kennedy S. Proteomic profiling from human samples: the body fluid alternative.Toxicol. Lett. 2001; 120: 379-384Google Scholar). It is estimated that up to 10,000 proteins may be commonly present in serum, most of which would be present at very low relative abundances (5.Wrotnowski C. The future of plasma proteins.Genet. Eng. News. 1998; 18: 14Google Scholar). Historically, two-dimensional PAGE has been the primary method of separation and comparison for complex protein mixtures. This method has been critical in developing our understanding of the complexity and variety of proteins contained in cells and bodily fluids. Two-dimensional PAGE has been used to analyze serum and plasma (the unclotted parent fluid of serum) (6.Eberini I. Agnello D. Miller I. Villa P. Fratelli M. Ghezzi P. Gemeiner M. Chan J. Aebersold R. Gianazza E. Proteins of rat serum V: adjuvant arthritis and its modulation by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.Electrophoresis. 2000; 21: 2170-2179Google Scholar, 7.Eberini I. Miller I. Zancan V. Bolego C. Puglisi L. Gemeiner M. Gianazza E. Proteins of rat serum IV. Time-course of acute-phase protein expression and its modulation by indomethacine.Electrophoresis. 1999; 20: 846-853Google Scholar, 8.Haynes P. Miller I. Aebersold R. Gemeiner M. Eberini I. Lovati M.R. Manzoni C. Vignati M. Gianazza E. Proteins of rat serum: I. establishing a reference two-dimensional electrophoresis map by immunodetection and microbore high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry.Electrophoresis. 1998; 19: 1484-1492Google Scholar, 9.Edwards J.J. Anderson N.G. Nance S.L. Anderson N.L. Red cell proteins. I. two-dimensional mapping of human erythrocyte lysate proteins.Blood. 1979; 53: 1121-1132Google Scholar, 10.Anderson L. Anderson N.G. High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of human plasma proteins.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1977; 74: 5421-5425Google Scholar, 11.Miller I. Haynes P. Gemeiner M. Aebersold R. Manzoni C. Lovati M.R. Vignati M. Eberini I. Gianazza E. Proteins of rat serum: II. influence of some biological parameters of the two-dimensional electrophoresis pattern.Electrophoresis. 1998; 19: 1493-1500Google Scholar, 12.Miller I. Haynes P. Eberini I. Gemeiner M. Aebersold R. Gianazza E. Proteins of rat serum: III. gender-related differences in protein concentration under baseline conditions and upon experimental inflammation as evaluated by two-dimensional electrophoresis.Electrophoresis. 1999; 20: 836-845Google Scholar, 13.Peters Jr., T. Intracellular precursor forms of plasma proteins: their functions and possible occurrence in plasma.Clin. Chem. 1987; 33: 1317-1325Google Scholar). Although impressive improvements in two-dimensional PAGE technologies have occurred in recent years, limitations remain. Two-dimensional PAGE is labor-intensive, requires relatively large sample quantities, is poorly reproducible, has a limited dynamic range for protein detection, and has difficulties in detecting proteins with extremes in molecular mass and isoelectric point (14.Rabilloud T. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in proteomics: old, old fashioned, but it still climbs up the mountains.Proteomics. 2002; 2: 3-10Google Scholar). To address these limitations several types of mass spectrometry, in conjunction with various separation and analysis methods, are increasingly being adopted for proteomic measurements (15.Conrads T.P. Alving K. Veenstra T.D. Belov M.E. Anderson G.A. Anderson D.J. Lipton M.S. Pasa-Tolic L. Udseth H.R. Chrisler W.B. Thrall B.D. Smith R.D. Quantitative analysis of bacterial and mammalian proteomes using a combination of cysteine affinity tags and 15N-metabolic labeling.Anal. Chem. 2001; 73: 2132-2139Google Scholar, 16.Link A.J. Eng J. Schieltz D.M. Carmack E. Mize G.J. Morris D.R. Garvik B.M. Yates III, J.R. Direct analysis of protein complexes using mass spectrometry.Nat. Biotechnol. 1999; 17: 676-682Google Scholar, 17.Raida M. Schulz-Knappe P. Heine G. Forssmann W.G. Liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometric mapping of peptides from human plasma filtrate.J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1999; 10: 45-54Google Scholar, 18.Liotta L.A. Kohn E.C. Petricoin E.F. Clinical proteomics: personalized molecular medicine.J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2001; 286: 2211-2214Google Scholar, 19.Smith R.D. Evolution of ESI-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonances for proteomics and other biological applications.Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2000; 200: 509-544Google Scholar, 20.Yates III, J.R. Mass spectrometry. From genomics to proteomics.Trends Genet. 2000; 16: 5-8Google Scholar, 21.Wu S.-L. Amato H. Biringer R. Choudhary G. Shieh P. Hancock W.S. Targeted proteomics of low-level proteins in human plasma by LC/MSn: using human growth hormone as a model system.J. Proteome Res. 2002; 1: 459-465Google Scholar, 22.Bergquist J. Palmblad M. Wetterhall M. Hakansson P. Markides K.E. Peptide mapping of proteins in human body fluids using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2002; 21: 2-15Google Scholar). One of the driving forces in proteomics is the discovery of biomarkers, proteins that change in concentration or state in associations with a specific biological process or disease. Determination of concentration changes, relative or absolute, is fundamental to the discovery of valid biomarkers. The presence of higher abundance proteins (greater than mg/ml in serum) interferes with the identification and quantification of lower abundance proteins (lower than ng/ml in serum). Other methods such as two-dimensional PAGE have been used to demonstrate that the removal or separation of high abundance proteins enables greatly improved detection of lower abundance proteins (10.Anderson L. Anderson N.G. High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of human plasma proteins.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1977; 74: 5421-5425Google Scholar, 11.Miller I. Haynes P. Gemeiner M. Aebersold R. Manzoni C. Lovati M.R. Vignati M. Eberini I. Gianazza E. Proteins of rat serum: II. influence of some biological parameters of the two-dimensional electrophoresis pattern.Electrophoresis. 1998; 19: 1493-1500Google Scholar, 17.Raida M. Schulz-Knappe P. Heine G. Forssmann W.G. Liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometric mapping of peptides from human plasma filtrate.J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1999; 10: 45-54Google Scholar, 23.Georgiou H.M. Rice G.E. Baker M.S. Proteomic analysis of human plasma: failure of centrifugal ultrafiltration to remove albumin and other high molecular weight proteins.Proteomics. 2001; 1: 1503-1506Google Scholar). The necessity of this removal or separation is also illustrated by noting that many proteins found useful as biomarkers for malignant and non-malignant disease (e.g. C-reactive protein, osteopontin, and prostate-specific antigen) are below 10 ng/ml, a value that is at least 7–8 orders of magnitude less than the most abundant serum proteins (1.Burtis C.A. Ashwood E.R. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 5th Ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA2001Google Scholar). Thus, the dynamic range typified by traditional proteomic methods are inadequate to allow for detection of these lower abundance serum proteins, or biomarkers, without effective removal or separation of the high abundance proteins. One problem associated with any protein separation technique is that low abundance proteins may be removed along with the abundant species (24.Scopes R.K. Protein Purification: Principles and Practice. 3rd Ed. Springer-Verlag, New York1994Google Scholar). Albumin is a protein of very high abundance in serum (35–50 mg/ml) that would be a prime candidate for complete selective removal prior to performing a proteomic analysis of lower abundance proteins. However, albumin is a transport protein in blood serum that binds a large variety of compounds including hormones, lipoproteins, and amino acids (1.Burtis C.A. Ashwood E.R. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 5th Ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA2001Google Scholar, 25.Ritchie R.F. Navolotskaia O. Serum Proteins in Clinical Medicine. 1st Ed. Vol. 1, Foundation for Blood Research, Scarborough, ME1996Google Scholar, 26.Beutler E. Williams W.J. Williams Hematology. 5th Ed. McGraw-Hill Inc. Health Professions Division, New York1995Google Scholar). Thus, removal of albumin from serum may also result in the specific removal of low abundance cytokines, peptide hormones, and lipoproteins of interest. Immunoglobulins, or antibodies, are also abundant proteins in serum that function by recognizing “foreign” antigens in blood and initiating their destruction. To recognize this enormous variety of antigens present in blood, immunoglobulins contain variable regions (1.Burtis C.A. Ashwood E.R. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 5th Ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA2001Google Scholar, 25.Ritchie R.F. Navolotskaia O. Serum Proteins in Clinical Medicine. 1st Ed. Vol. 1, Foundation for Blood Research, Scarborough, ME1996Google Scholar, 27.Anderson N.L. Anderson N.G. The human plasma proteome: history, character, and diagnostic prospects.Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 2002; 1: 845-867Google Scholar). These variable regions are a source of random peptide sequence in serum that can complicate protein identifications from peptide sequences. Therefore, with immunoglobulins binding foreign materials and the random nature of sequences from their variable regions, removal of immunoglobulins is important for a proteomic analysis of serum. The purpose of this investigation was to establish new preparative methods to remove or separate high abundance serum proteins and to apply new proteomic approaches that increase the dynamic range available for the identification and characterization of serum proteins. These methods include the use of protein A/G covalently bound to acrylamide beads to selectively remove immunoglobulins, described earlier as a significant source of sequence variability found in serum. Further, these methods include the separation of trypsin-digested peptides prior to mass spectrometric analysis using both strong cation exchange (SCX) 1The abbreviations used are: SCX, strong cation exchange; HUPO, Human Proteome Organization; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry; MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry; NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information.1The abbreviations used are: SCX, strong cation exchange; HUPO, Human Proteome Organization; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry; MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry; NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information. chromatography and capillary gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography. This investigation identifies a large number of proteins (490) from a single (submilliliter) serum sample and further provides the foundation for future studies with clinically important disease states. The human blood serum was acquired from a healthy anonymous female donor (Donor No. M99869) (Golden West Biologicals, Temecula, CA). Immediately after collection, plasma was isolated from whole blood without anti-coagulants by centrifugation. The plasma supernatant was allowed to clot overnight at room temperature, and the clotted material was removed by centrifugation under sterile conditions. Upon receipt at our laboratory, the serum was aliquoted into 1-ml units and stored at −80 °C. In subsequent preparation steps, proteins were detected, and concentrations were estimated, where appropriate, using denaturing (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with GELCODE blue staining (Pierce catalog no. 24590), absorbance at 280 nm, and/or with a Bradford protein assay using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a protein standard (24.Scopes R.K. Protein Purification: Principles and Practice. 3rd Ed. Springer-Verlag, New York1994Google Scholar, 28.Bradford M.M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.Anal. Biochem. 1976; 72: 248-254Google Scholar). The immunoglobulins (Igs) were depleted by affinity adsorption chromatography using protein A/G. 500 μl of serum was diluted with an equal amount of 20 mm sodium phosphate, pH 8.0 and added to UltraLink Immobilized protein A/G beads (2:1, v/v) (Pierce) that had been equilibrated with 20 mm sodium phosphate, pH 8.0. This mixture was incubated with gentle rocking for 2 h at 25 °C. Immunoglobulin-depleted serum was separated from the protein A/G beads by centrifugation. The beads were washed three times with 5 volumes of PBS (150 mm NaCl, 10 mm sodium phosphate, pH 7.3), and the washes were pooled with the immunoglobulin-depleted serum. The diluted immunoglobulin-depleted serum sample was then dialyzed into 10 mm HCO3NH4, 5% acetonitrile, pH 7.5, digested with trypsin 1:50 (w/w) ratio (Promega, Madison, WI) for 2 h at 37 °C, and lyophilized. Lyophilized, immunoglobulin-depleted serum peptides were resuspended in 2 ml of 75% 10 mm ammonium formate, 25% acetonitrile, pH 3.0 with formic acid. The sample was centrifuged to remove insoluble debris and then separated using an LC gradient ion exchange system consisting of a quaternary gradient pump (ThermoSeparations P4000, San Jose, CA) equipped with a polysulfoethyl A column (5 μm, 300 Å, PolyLC, Columbia, MD). Mobile phase A consisted of 75% 10 mm ammonium formate, 25% acetonitrile, pH 3.0 with formic acid, and mobile phase B was 75% 200 mm ammonium formate, 25% acetonitrile, pH 8.0. The column was initially loaded (2-ml injection loop) and equilibrated for 5 min with 0% B. Peptides were eluted using a linear gradient of 0–100% B over 30 min, and the column was subsequently washed at 100% B for an additional 25 min all at a flow rate of 4 ml/min. The column effluent was monitored at 280 nm with a Linear 200 UV detector (Micro-Tech Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA), and a total of 120 fractions were collected at 30-s intervals using a FRAC-100 (Amersham Biosciences). Collected fractions were lyophilized and stored at −80 °C for reversed-phase LC/MS/MS analysis. Reversed-phase separation was performed with an Agilent 1100 capillary high pressure liquid chromatography system with a 60-cm capillary column (150-μm inner diameter × 360-μm outer diameter, Polymicro Technologies, Phoenix, AZ) packed with 5-μm Jupiter C18 particles (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA). Mobile phase A consisted of water and 0.1% formic acid, and mobile phase B consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid. SCX fractions were dissolved in 50 μl of water, 0.1% formic acid. Peptides were injected on the column in 8 μl at a flow rate of 1.8 μl/min, and the column was re-equilibrated with 5% B for 20 min. Peptides were eluted with a linear gradient from 5 to 70% B over 80 min. The capillary column was interfaced to an LCQ Deca XP ion trap mass spectrometer (ThermoFinnigan, San Jose, CA) using electrospray ionization. The mass spectrometer was configured to optimize the duty cycle length with the quality of data acquired by alternating between a single full MS scan followed by three MS/MS scans on the three most intense precursor masses (as determined by Xcaliber mass spectrometer software in real time) from the single parent full scan. Dynamic mass exclusion windows were used and varied from 3 to 9 min. In addition, MS spectra for all samples were measured with an overall mass/charge (m/z) range of 400–2000. Fractions 21, 34, 39, 46, and 53, which contained high peptide concentrations, were re-analyzed three times using overlapping m/z ranges of 500–1050, 1000–1550, and 1500–2000, respectively. These segmented mass range analyses also utilized static mass exclusion lists that removed m/z precursors corresponding to the 20 most abundant peptides that were observed in the initial unsegmented analysis. Tandem mass spectra were analyzed by SEQUEST (Bioworks 2.0, ThermoFinnigan) (16.Link A.J. Eng J. Schieltz D.M. Carmack E. Mize G.J. Morris D.R. Garvik B.M. Yates III, J.R. Direct analysis of protein complexes using mass spectrometry.Nat. Biotechnol. 1999; 17: 676-682Google Scholar, 29.Yates III, J.R. Carmack E. Hays L. Link A.J. Eng J.K. Automated protein identification using microcolumn liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Methods Mol. Biol. 1999; 112: 553-569Google Scholar, 30.Yates III, J.R. McCormack A.L. Eng J.K. Mining genomes with MS.Anal. Chem. 1996; 68: 534-540Google Scholar, 31.Washburn M.P. Wolters D. Yates III, J.R. Large-scale analysis of the yeast proteome by multidimensional protein identification technology.Nat. Biotechnol. 2001; 19: 242-247Google Scholar, 32.Eng J.K. Mccormack A.L. Yates J.R. An approach to correlate tandem mass-spectral data of peptides with amino-acid-sequences in a protein database.J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1994; 5: 976-989Google Scholar), which performs its analyses by cross-correlating experimentally acquired mass spectra with theoretical idealized mass spectra generated from a database of protein sequences. These idealized spectra are weighted largely with b and y fragment ions, i.e. fragments resulting from the amide linkage bond from the N and C termini, respectively. For these analyses, no enzyme rule restrictions were applied to the possible cleavage points available for peptide generation from the initial proteins, allowing identifications resulting from non-tryptic cleavage to be observed as well. The peptide mass tolerance was 3.0, and the fragment ion tolerance was 0.0. SEQUEST analysis was performed using a modified version of the human FASTA protein database provided with SEQUEST (ThermoFinnigan). Database modifications included the removal of viral proteins and the removal of some redundant protein entries as well as minimizing the number of entries for abundant serum proteins (13.Peters Jr., T. Intracellular precursor forms of plasma proteins: their functions and possible occurrence in plasma.Clin. Chem. 1987; 33: 1317-1325Google Scholar). Additional analyses were conducted using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) human protein database 2NCBI, Hs GenBank™ Protein Databases ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/H_sapiens/protein/. and the Unigene human database 3NCBI, Hs Unigene Contig Databases ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/repository/UniGene/. to determine whether important abundant serum proteins were missing from our modified database. Use of the additional various human databases did not alter the vast majority of SEQUEST peptide identifications. The use of the larger databases did result in an expected decrease in magnitude of the SEQUEST DelCN score in a fraction of peptide identifications. Most peptides not found in the smaller supplied database did not pass subsequent filters including visual inspection of fragmentation spectra (data not shown), and in the case of the Unigene database analysis required up to 2 weeks to finish on a modern PC. Currently no complete human protein database has been compiled, and one is not likely to exist for a number of years (35.Harrison P.M. Kumar A. Lang N. Snyder M. Gerstein M. A question of size: the eukaryotic proteome and the problems in defining it.Nucleic Acids Res. 2002; 30: 1083-1090Google Scholar). Thus, the modified database was considered to be an adequate resource for this initial blood serum proteome analysis after comparisons to the NCBI and Unigene databases. 2NCBI, Hs GenBank™ Protein Databases ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/H_sapiens/protein/., 3NCBI, Hs Unigene Contig Databases ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/repository/UniGene/. Of concern with a shotgun proteomic approach is whether assumptions made for simple cases continue to apply with higher levels of complexity. To address the question for database choice, we sought to analyze LC/MS/MS results using a smaller database containing very few peptides with sequence identity to human proteins but still retaining the level of complexity observed in a complete genome. A locally available Deinococcus radiodurans FASTA database derived from the open reading frames of a completely sequenced genome (15.Conrads T.P. Alving K. Veenstra T.D. Belov M.E. Anderson G.A. Anderson D.J. Lipton M.S. Pasa-Tolic L. Udseth H.R. Chrisler W.B. Thrall B.D. Smith R.D. Quantitative analysis of bacterial and mammalian proteomes using a combination of cysteine affinity tags and 15N-metabolic labeling.Anal. Chem. 2001; 73: 2132-2139Google Scholar) was used to generate SEQUEST analyses to compare against the human database-derived results. Five SCX fractions (fractions 21, 34, 39, 46, and 53) that contained the greatest number of fully tryptic peptides were analyzed against the D. radiodurans database for this comparison. SEQUEST results were filtered (Table I) with criteria similar to those developed by Yates and co-workers (31.Washburn M.P. Wolters D. Yates III, J.R. Large-scale analysis of the yeast proteome by multidimensional protein identification technology.Nat. Biotechnol. 2001; 19: 242-247Google Scholar, 36.Wolters D.A. Washburn M.P. Yates III, J.R. An automated multidimensional protein identification technology for shotgun proteomics.Anal. Chem. 2001; 73: 5683-5690Google Scholar). Serum proteins in circulation are frequently found cleaved by chymotrypsin and elastase (37.Richter R. Schulz-Knappe P. Schrader M. Standker L. Jurgens M. Tammen H. Forssmann W.G. Composition of the peptide fraction in human blood plasma: database of circulating human peptides.J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 1999; 726: 25-35Google Scholar). Thus, while trypsin was used to digest the serum proteins, the SEQUEST data filter was modified to allow for identification of peptides resulting from both chymotrypsin and elastase cleavage sites. The chymotrypsin and elastase filter levels were derived by comparing the SEQUEST-identified tryptic peptides to the identified non-tryptic albumin peptides. The high abundance and globular nature of albumin represented a useful reference for defining non-tryptic filter parameters. The resulting filters were those that resulted in four or more hits for any non-tryptic albumin peptide. These filters further resulted in 33 non-tryptic cleavage sites of the 133 total albumin cleavage sites.Table IConservative filter parameters for SEQUEST resultsChargeXcorrPeptide type+1≥1.9Fully tryptic+1≥2.1Chymotryptic and/or elastic+1≥2.2Partially tryptic, chymotryptic, and/or elastic+2≥2.2Fully tryptic+2≥2.4Partially tryptic, chymotryptic, and/or elastic+2≥3.0No protease rules+3≥3.75Tryptic, chymotryptic, and/or elastic only Open table in a new tab The final filter parameters used to determine cross-correlation (Xcorr) cut-off values took into account both the charge state of the peptide and the proteolytic cleavage rules as shown in Table I. Additionally, a minimum value of 0.1 was used for DelCN, indicating that SEQUEST was readily able to distinguish between its first and second choices for identification (32.Eng J.K. Mccormack A.L. Yates J.R. An approach to correlate tandem mass-spectral data of peptides with amino-acid-sequences in a protein database.J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1994; 5: 976-989Google Scholar). When three or fewer peptides for an individual protein passed the criteria shown in Table I, the mass spectra for those peptides were inspected manually. Manual inspection was performed using four criteria generally accepted as means for assessment of spectral quality (16.Link A.J. Eng J. Schieltz D.M. Carmack E. Mize G.J. Morris D.R. Garvik B.M. Yates III, J.R. Direct analysis of protein complexes using mass spectrometry.Nat. Biotechnol. 1999; 17: 676-682Google Scholar, 36.Wolters D.A. Washburn M.P. Yates III, J.R. An automated multidimensional protein identification technology for shotgun proteomics.Anal. Chem. 2001; 73: 5683-5690Google Scholar). First, the spectrum quality must be acceptable with the peaks to be used in the determination clearly above the noise base line. Second, some continuity must be present among the b or y fragments, i.e. fragments for three or more adjacent amino acids. Third, if proline is predicted to be present, then the corresponding y fragment should give an intense peak. Last, unidentified intense peaks should be verified as being either doubly charged or simply the mass of the precursor with one or two of the terminal amino acids removed. We found that protein A/G affinity adsorption chromatography depleted essentially all of the immunoglobulins from serum as assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis (Fig. 1). Analysis of serum by MS is complicated by the fact that abundant proteins impede measurement of less abundant proteins. In addition, the abundant serum immunoglobulins have regions of high sequence variability that may complicate an MS-based sequence analysis of serum-derived peptides. Thus, to increase the dynamic concentration range and confidence of determination it is critical to remove the immunoglobulins from the serum sample. The heavy and light chain portions of the immunoglobulins were removed when visualized with GelCode Blue Stain (Fig. 1, Lane 3). Albumin is also slightly depleted by the same procedure (Fig. 1, Lane 4). This depletion is unexpected in that during the production of the chimeric protein A/G the albumin binding site from protein G was removed (38.Pierce EndogenVol. 0497 Instructions: UltraLink Immobilzed Protein A/G. Pierce Endogen, Rockford, IL1995: 1-4Google Scholar). Albumin and other abundant non-immunoglobulin proteins may also present problems for an MS analysis. Many published methods of albumin separation have resulted either in poor depletion or potential loss of specific low abundance proteins of interest in plasma (23.Georgi