ABSTRACT Proteins can diffuse micrometers in seconds, yet bacterial cells are able to maintain stable protein gradients. The best studied bacterial protein gradient is the Min system of Escherichia coli . In rod-shaped bacteria the MinCD proteins prevent formation of minicells by inhibiting FtsZ polymerization close to the cell poles. In E. coli these proteins oscillate between cell poles within a minute, resulting in an increased MinCD concentration at the poles. This oscillation is caused by the interaction between MinD and the protein MinE, which form an ATP-driven reaction-diffusion system, whereby the ATPase MinD cycles between a monomeric cytosolic and a dimeric membrane attached states. Bacillus subtilis also has MinCD, but lacks MinE. In this case MinCD form a static gradient that requires the transmembrane protein MinJ, located at cell poles and cell division sites. A recent reaction-diffusion model was successful in recreating the MinD gradient in B. subtilis , assuming that MinD cycles between cytosol and membrane, like in E. coli . Here we show that the monomeric and dimeric states of B. subtilis MinD have comparable membrane affinities, that MinD interacts with MinJ as a dimer, and that MinJ is not required for membrane localization of MinD. Based on these new findings we tested different models, using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and found that a difference in diffusion rate between the monomer and dimer, rather than a difference in membrane affinity, is important for B. subtilis MinCD gradient formation. IMPORTANCE Proteins can diffuse micrometers in seconds, yet bacterial cells are able to maintain stable protein gradients. One of the best studied examples is the membrane associated MinD protein gradient in Escherichia coli . This oscillating gradient requires cycling of MinD between a monomeric cytosolic and a dimeric membrane attached state. Bacillus subtilis also has a Min system, but in this case MinD forms a static gradient. Mathematical models have been successful in recreating the MinD gradient in B. subtilis , using an E. coli -like membrane attachment cycle of MinD. Here we show that, in contrast to the E. coli situation, the monomeric and dimeric state of B. subtilis MinD have comparable membrane affinities. Using this and other information, we tested Monte Carlo simulations and found that a difference in diffusion rate between MinD monomer and dimer, rather than a difference in membrane affinity, is important for MinD gradient formation in B. subtilis .