R-spondin and Wnt ligand families act non-redundantly and cooperatively within the same molecular pathway in the intestinal stem-cell niche to maintain stem-cell competency and drive stem-cell expansion. Wnt ligands interact with FZD and Lrp5/6-type receptors to influence diverse developmental, homeostatic and pathologic processes through β-catenin-dependent signalling. However, the promiscuity of Wnt ligands towards several receptors and the fact that Wnts can be hydrophobic make it difficult to produce therapeutic recombinant Wnts. Calvin Kuo and colleagues use a novel water-soluble Wnt agonist, developed by Chris Garcia and his team, in the mouse intestinal stem-cell niche to dissect the respective roles of R-spondin and Wnt ligands, both of which activate similar signalling receptors and pathways. They find that Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells normally differentiate unless both R-spondin and Wnt ligands are present. However, on their own, each ligand acts non-redundantly and in cooperation with Wnt agonist activating R-spondin receptors to maintain stem-cell competency.These receptorsare in turn activated in the presence of R-spondin to drive stem-cell expansion. Elsewhere in this issue, Chris Garcia and colleagues present their surrogate water-soluble Wnt agonists that have specificity towards certain FZDs.The new agonists act similarly to Wnt3 in differentiation assays towards the osteogenic lineage in vitro, can maintain intestinal organoid cultures, and have in vivo effects on the mouse liver. These water-soluble Wnt agonists could be used in a range of assays to understand this signalling pathway and modulate it in therapeutical applications. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway governs diverse developmental, homeostatic and pathological processes. Palmitoylated Wnt ligands engage cell-surface frizzled (FZD) receptors and LRP5 and LRP6 co-receptors, enabling β-catenin nuclear translocation and TCF/LEF-dependent gene transactivation1,2,3. Mutations in Wnt downstream signalling components have revealed diverse functions thought to be carried out by Wnt ligands themselves. However, redundancy between the 19 mammalian Wnt proteins and 10 FZD receptors1 and Wnt hydrophobicity have made it difficult to attribute these functions directly to Wnt ligands2,3. For example, individual mutations in Wnt ligands have not revealed homeostatic phenotypes in the intestinal epithelium4—an archetypal canonical, Wnt pathway-dependent, rapidly self-renewing tissue, the regeneration of which is fueled by proliferative crypt Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs)5,6,7,8,9. R-spondin ligands (RSPO1–RSPO4) engage distinct LGR4–LGR6, RNF43 and ZNRF3 receptor classes10,11,12,13, markedly potentiate canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling, and induce intestinal organoid growth in vitro and Lgr5+ ISCs in vivo8,14,15,16,17. However, the interchangeability, functional cooperation and relative contributions of Wnt versus RSPO ligands to in vivo canonical Wnt signalling and ISC biology remain unknown. Here we identify the functional roles of Wnt and RSPO ligands in the intestinal crypt stem-cell niche. We show that the default fate of Lgr5+ ISCs is to differentiate, unless both RSPO and Wnt ligands are present. However, gain-of-function studies using RSPO ligands and a new non-lipidated Wnt analogue reveal that these ligands have qualitatively distinct, non-interchangeable roles in ISCs. Wnt proteins are unable to induce Lgr5+ ISC self-renewal, but instead confer a basal competency by maintaining RSPO receptor expression that enables RSPO ligands to actively drive and specify the extent of stem-cell expansion. This functionally non-equivalent yet cooperative interaction between Wnt and RSPO ligands establishes a molecular precedent for regulation of mammalian stem cells by distinct priming and self-renewal factors, with broad implications for precise control of tissue regeneration.