Several cell surface molecules have been proposed as receptor candidates, mediating cell entry of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on the basis of their physical association with virions or with soluble HCV E2 glycoproteins. However, due to the lack of infectious HCV particles, evidence that these receptor candidates support infection was missing. Using our recently described infectious HCV pseudotype particles (HCVpp) that display functional E1E2 glycoprotein complexes, here we show that HCV is a pH-dependent virus, implying that its receptor component(s) mediate virion internalization by endocytosis. Expression of the CD81 tetraspanin in non-permissive CD81-negative hepato-carcinoma cells was sufficient to restore susceptibility to HCVpp infection, confirming its critical role as a cell attachment factor. As a cell surface molecule likely to mediate endosomal trafficking, we demonstrate that the human scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), a high-density lipoprotein-internalization molecule that we previously proposed as a novel HCV receptor candidate due to its affinity with E2 glycoproteins, is required for infection of CD81-expressing hepatic cells. By receptor competition assays, we found that SR-B1 antibodies that blocked binding of soluble E2 could prevent HCVpp infectivity. Furthermore, we establish that the hyper-variable region 1 of the HCV E2 glycoprotein is a critical determinant mediating entry in SR-B1-positive cells. Finally, by correlating expression of HCV receptors and infectivity, we suggest that, besides CD81 and SR-B1, additional hepatocyte-specific co-factor(s) are necessary for HCV entry. Several cell surface molecules have been proposed as receptor candidates, mediating cell entry of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on the basis of their physical association with virions or with soluble HCV E2 glycoproteins. However, due to the lack of infectious HCV particles, evidence that these receptor candidates support infection was missing. Using our recently described infectious HCV pseudotype particles (HCVpp) that display functional E1E2 glycoprotein complexes, here we show that HCV is a pH-dependent virus, implying that its receptor component(s) mediate virion internalization by endocytosis. Expression of the CD81 tetraspanin in non-permissive CD81-negative hepato-carcinoma cells was sufficient to restore susceptibility to HCVpp infection, confirming its critical role as a cell attachment factor. As a cell surface molecule likely to mediate endosomal trafficking, we demonstrate that the human scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), a high-density lipoprotein-internalization molecule that we previously proposed as a novel HCV receptor candidate due to its affinity with E2 glycoproteins, is required for infection of CD81-expressing hepatic cells. By receptor competition assays, we found that SR-B1 antibodies that blocked binding of soluble E2 could prevent HCVpp infectivity. Furthermore, we establish that the hyper-variable region 1 of the HCV E2 glycoprotein is a critical determinant mediating entry in SR-B1-positive cells. Finally, by correlating expression of HCV receptors and infectivity, we suggest that, besides CD81 and SR-B1, additional hepatocyte-specific co-factor(s) are necessary for HCV entry. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 1The abbreviations used are: HCV, hepatitis C virus; HCVpp, HCV pseudotype particles; E1, HCV glycoprotein 1; E2, HCV glycoprotein 2; SR-B1, scavenger receptor class B type 1; LDL, low density lipoprotein; LDLr, LDL receptor; MLV, murine leukemia virus; GFP, green fluorescent protein; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; VSV-G, VSV glycoprotein; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; TU, transducing units; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorter; HVR1, hyper-variable region 1. is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide (1Major M.E. Rehermann B. Feinstone S.M. Knipe D.M. Howley P.M. Fields Virology. 4th Ed. Vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA2001: 1127-1162Google Scholar). About 170 million individuals are infected with HCV. The predominant site of replication and probably infection is the liver, yet several studies have suggested that HCV may infect other cell types, such as B cells, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells (2Lerat H. Rumin S. Habersetzer F. Berby F. Trabaud M.A. Trepo C. Inchauspe G. Blood. 1998; 91: 3841-3849Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 3Navas M.C. Fuchs A. Schvoerer E. Bohbot A. Aubertin A.M. Stoll-Keller F. J. Med. Virol. 2002; 67: 152-161Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar) where it could induce immune dysfunctions. Understanding the molecular basis by which HCV targets liver cells and extra-hepatic sites is critical to unravel the mechanisms of its pathogenesis and disease chronicity. Although substantial progresses have been made on the molecular knowledge of HCV proteins and genomic replication, there is still no efficient and reliable cell culture system available to amplify this virus (4Lindenbach B.D. Rice C.M. Knipe D.M. Howley P.M. Fields Virology. 4th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA2001: 991-1042Google Scholar). This represents a major hurdle for the characterization of some steps of HCV lifecycle, such as viral assembly and cell entry. Several surrogate models of HCV virions have been developed to facilitate the study of the steps of cell entry. Production of HCV virus-like particles in insect cells has already been reported (5Baumert T.F. Ito S. Wong D.T. Liang T.J. J. Virol. 1998; 72: 3827-3836Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 6Owsianka A. Clayton R.F. Loomis-Price L.D. McKeating J.A. Patel A.H. J. Gen. Virol. 2001; 82: 1877-1883Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar, 7Triyatni M. Saunier B. Maruvada P. Davis A.R. Ulianich L. Heller T. Patel A. Kohn L.D. Liang T.J. J. Virol. 2002; 76: 9335-9344Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar, 8Wellnitz S. Klumpp B. Barth H. Ito S. Depla E. Dubuisson J. Blum H.E. Baumert T.F. J. Virol. 2002; 76: 1181-1193Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar). Yet, although useful to analyze interactions with the cell surface, these particles were not infectious and did not permit functional investigation of the putative HCV receptors. Alternatively, generation of viral pseudotypes is one of the most widely used methods for assaying functional receptors, allowing attachment, penetration, and uncoating to be studied. Thus, pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) particles have been engineered with chimeric E1 and/or E2 HCV glycoproteins whose transmembrane domains were modified to allow transport to and assembly at the cell surface (9Buonocore L. Blight K.J. Rice C.M. Rose J.K. J. Virol. 2002; 76: 6865-6872Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar, 10Flint M. Thomas J.M. Maidens C.M. Shotton C. Levy S. Barclay W.S. McKeating J.A. J. Virol. 1999; 73: 6782-6790Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 11Lagging L.M. Meyer K. Owens R.J. Ray R. J. Virol. 1998; 72: 3539-3546Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 12Matsuura Y. Tani H. Suzuki K. Kimura-Someya T. Suzuki R. Aizaki H. Ishii K. Moriishi K. Robison C.S. Whitt M.A. Miyamura T. Virology. 2001; 286: 263-275Crossref PubMed Scopus (132) Google Scholar, 13Takikawa S. Ishii K. Aizaki H. Suzuki T. Asakura H. Matsuura Y. Miyamura T. J. Virol. 2000; 74: 5066-5074Crossref PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar). However, as such modifications disturb conformation and functions of the E1E2 complexes (12Matsuura Y. Tani H. Suzuki K. Kimura-Someya T. Suzuki R. Aizaki H. Ishii K. Moriishi K. Robison C.S. Whitt M.A. Miyamura T. Virology. 2001; 286: 263-275Crossref PubMed Scopus (132) Google Scholar), their use as a tool to investigate HCV assembly and cell entry remains controversial (9Buonocore L. Blight K.J. Rice C.M. Rose J.K. J. Virol. 2002; 76: 6865-6872Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar). Recently, we have successfully generated infectious HCV pseudotype particles that were assembled by displaying unmodified and functional HCV glycoproteins onto retroviral and lentiviral core particles (14Bartosch B. Dubuisson J. Cosset F.L. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 197: 633-642Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar). The presence of a marker gene packaged within these HCV pseudotype particles (HCVpp) allowed reliable and fast determination of infectivity mediated by the HCV glycoproteins. Our current knowledge of these particles indicates that they mimic the early infection steps of parental HCV as they exhibit a preferential tropism for hepatic cells and as they are specifically neutralized by anti-E2 monoclonal antibodies as well as sera of HCV-infected patients. Our results indicate that the E1 and E2 HCV glycoproteins represent the envelope glycoproteins of wild-type HCV and are both required for infection (14Bartosch B. Dubuisson J. Cosset F.L. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 197: 633-642Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar). The infectivity of E1E2-pseudotyped retroviruses for similar cells was confirmed by others, as was the ability of monoclonal antibodies to neutralize the viral particles (15Drummer H.E. Maerz A. Poumbourios P. FEBS Lett. 2003; 546: 385-390Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar, 16Hsu M. Zhang J. Flint M. Logvinoff C. Cheng-Mayer C. Rice C.M. McKeating J.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003; 100: 7271-7276Crossref PubMed Scopus (691) Google Scholar). These pseudotype particles may therefore allow for the first time to decipher the mechanisms of HCV entry into cells. We recently identified the human scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), a high-density lipoprotein-binding molecule, as a putative HCV receptor because of its affinity to soluble E2 glycoproteins (17Scarselli E. Ansuini H. Cerino R. Roccasecca R. Acali S. Filocamo G. Traboni C. Nicosia A. Cortese R. Vitelli A. EMBO J. 2002; 21: 5017-5025Crossref PubMed Scopus (956) Google Scholar). Here, we used HCVpp to determine the role of SR-B1 in HCV entry. We show that SR-B1 is required for infection of cells that also express the CD81 tetraspanin and the density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr), two other previously proposed HCV receptor candidates (18Agnello V. Abel G. Elfahal M. Knight G.B. Zhang Q.X. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 12766-12771Crossref PubMed Scopus (806) Google Scholar, 19Pileri P. Uematsu Y. Campagnoli S. Galli G. Falugi F. Petracca R. Weiner A.J. Houghton M. Rosa D. Grandi G. Abrignani S. Science. 1998; 282: 938-941Crossref PubMed Scopus (1798) Google Scholar). Furthermore, we establish that the hyper-variable region 1 of the HCV E2 glycoprotein is a critical determinant mediating entry in SR-B1-positive cells. Finally, our data indicate that, in addition to LDLr, CD81, and SR-B1, liver-specific co-factor(s) are necessary for HCV entry. Expression Constructs and Production of HCV Pseudotype Particles—Expression vectors for E1E2 glycoproteins of 1a and 1b genotypes have been described previously (14Bartosch B. Dubuisson J. Cosset F.L. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 197: 633-642Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar). They were used to construct by PCR-mediated and oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis (details and sequences available upon request) the expression vectors for the mutant E2 glycoproteins that harbor the deletion of the hyper-variable region 1 (del384–410) and/or the V514M and L615H point mutations. The CMV-Gag-Pol murine leukemia virus (MLV) packaging construct, encoding the MLV gag and pol genes, and the MLV-GFP plasmid, encoding an MLV-based transfer vector containing the GFP marker gene, have been described previously (20Nègre D. Mangeot P. Duisit G. Blanchard S. Vidalain P. Leissner P. Winter A. Rabourdin-Combe C. Mehtali M. Moullier P. Darlix J.-L. Cosset F.-L. Gene. Ther. 2000; 7: 1613-1623Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar). The phCMV-G, phCMV-4070A, phCMV-HA, and phCMV-RD (21Sandrin V. Boson B. Salmon P. Gay W. Nègre D. LeGrand R. Trono D. Cosset F.-L. Blood. 2002; 100: 823-832Crossref PubMed Scopus (247) Google Scholar) expression vectors encode the VSV G protein, the amphotropic MLV glycoprotein, the fowl plague virus hemagglutinin, and the feline endogenous virus RD114 glycoprotein, respectively. Production of HCV pseudotype particles was carried out as described previously (14Bartosch B. Dubuisson J. Cosset F.L. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 197: 633-642Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar). Briefly, 293T cells were transfected with expression vectors encoding the viral components, i.e. E1E2 glycoproteins, retroviral core proteins, and packaging-competent GFP-containing retroviral transfer vectors, using a calcium-phosphate transfection protocol (Clontech, Le Pont de Claix, France). Supernatants containing the pseudotype particles were harvested 24 h later, filtered through 0.45-μm pore-sized membranes, and used in infection assays. Cells and Infection Assays—Huh-7 human hepatocellular carcinoma (22Nakabayashi H. Taketa K. Miyano K. Yamane T. Sato J. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 3858-3863PubMed Google Scholar), PLC/PRF/5 human hepatoma (CRL-8024), Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma (HB-8064), HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma (HB-8065), 293 human embryo kidney cells (ATCC CRL-1573), HOS human osteosarcoma (CRL-1543), TE671 human rhabdomyosarcoma (CRL-8805), Molt-4 human lymphoblastic leukemia (CRL-1582), HeLa human cervix adenocarcinoma (CCL-2), SW-13 human adreno-cortical carcinoma (CCL-105), and CHO Chinese hamster ovary (CCL-61) were grown as recommended by the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD). 293-SR-B1 cells were derived from 293 cells by transfection with pcDNA3-SRB1, an expression vector encoding SR-B1 (or CLA-1), the human scavenger receptor class B type 1 (GenBank™ accession number Z22555) (23Calvo D. Vega M.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 18929-18935Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). CHO-SR-B1 cells were described previously (17Scarselli E. Ansuini H. Cerino R. Roccasecca R. Acali S. Filocamo G. Traboni C. Nicosia A. Cortese R. Vitelli A. EMBO J. 2002; 21: 5017-5025Crossref PubMed Scopus (956) Google Scholar). CHO-CD81/SR-B1 and HepG2-CD81 cells were obtained by infection of CHO-SR-B1 and HepG2 cells, respectively, with a retroviral vector containing the human CD81 gene (GenBank™ accession number NM_004356). Construct details are available upon request. Infection assays were performed as described previously (14Bartosch B. Dubuisson J. Cosset F.L. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 197: 633-642Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar). Unless otherwise indicated, dilutions of viral supernatants containing the pseudotype particles were added to the cells seeded the day before and plates were incubated for 3 h. The supernatants were then removed and the cells incubated in regular medium for 72 h at 37 °C. The infectious titers, expressed as transducing units (TU)/ml, were deduced from the transduction efficiencies, determined as the percentage of GFP-positive cells measured by FACS analysis (21Sandrin V. Boson B. Salmon P. Gay W. Nègre D. LeGrand R. Trono D. Cosset F.-L. Blood. 2002; 100: 823-832Crossref PubMed Scopus (247) Google Scholar). Antibodies—E1 and E2 glycoproteins were detected with the A4 (24Flint M. Maidens C. Loomis-Price L.D. Shotton C. Dubuisson J. Monk P. Higginbottom A. Levy S. McKeating J.A. J. Virol. 1999; 73: 6235-6244Crossref PubMed Google Scholar) and H52 (25Dubuisson J. Hsu H.H. Cheung R.C. Greenberg H.B. Russell D.G. Rice C.M. J. Virol. 1994; 68: 6147-6160Crossref PubMed Google Scholar) monoclonal antibodies, respectively. HCVpp core proteins were detected with an anti-capsid (MLV CA) antiserum (ViroMed Biosafety Laboratories). These reagents were used in Western blot analysis of purified pseudotype particles as previously described (14Bartosch B. Dubuisson J. Cosset F.L. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 197: 633-642Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar). JS-81 (BD Biosciences) is a monoclonal antibody reactive with CD81. 15C8 (Oncogene-Science, France) is a monoclonal antibody reactive with the human LDL receptor. The mouse SR-B1 polyclonal serum was raised by muscle genetic immunization of BALB/c mice, using plasmid pVJ-hSR-B1 harboring the full-length human SR-B1 cDNA. Immunization protocol and plasmid vector have been previously described (26Zucchelli S. Roccasecca R. Meola A. Ercole B.B. Tafi R. Dubuisson J. Galfre G. Cortese R. Nicosia A. Hepatology. 2001; 33: 692-703Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar). The preimmune sera were collected from the same mice bleeded before immunization. The rat monoclonal antibody 9/27 recognizes an epitope contained in the hypervariable region of the E2 protein of genotype 1a (6Owsianka A. Clayton R.F. Loomis-Price L.D. McKeating J.A. Patel A.H. J. Gen. Virol. 2001; 82: 1877-1883Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar). Cell Binding Assays of E2 Glycoproteins—E2 soluble proteins harboring a C-terminal histidine tag were produced in the supernatants of 293 cells, as previously described (27Roccasecca R. Ansuini H. Vitelli A. Meola A. Scarselli E. Acali S. Pezzanera M. Ercole B.B. McKeating J. Yagnik A. Lahm A. Tramontano A. Cortese R. Nicosia A. J. Virol. 2003; 77: 1856-1867Crossref PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar). Binding of E2 to the cell surface was analyzed using a FACS-based assay. Cells were washed twice in phosphate-buffered saline, 0.2% bovine serum albumin, 10 mm Hepes (FACS buffer). Then, 4 × 105 cells were allowed to bind E2 concentrated supernatants at room temperature for 1 h. After one washing, a biotinylated anti-penta-His mouse monoclonal antibody (Qiagen) was added at a concentration of 2 μg/ml for 30 min at room temperature. Cells were washed again, and cell-bound antibodies were revealed by Streptavidin-R-phycoerythrin conjugated antibodies (Qiagen). For inhibition of binding, cells were pre-incubated with anti-SR-B1 serum, 30 min at 4 °C, as described previously (27Roccasecca R. Ansuini H. Vitelli A. Meola A. Scarselli E. Acali S. Pezzanera M. Ercole B.B. McKeating J. Yagnik A. Lahm A. Tramontano A. Cortese R. Nicosia A. J. Virol. 2003; 77: 1856-1867Crossref PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar). Cell Entry of HCVpp Is pH-dependent—Enveloped viruses penetrate the host cells by a process of fusion between the viral and cell membranes that is catalyzed by a fusogenic activity harbored by viral surface glycoproteins. Activation of such fusion properties occurs in an acid pH-dependent manner, via acidified endosomal vesicles into which the virions are routed following receptor binding (28Sieczkarski S.B. Whittaker G.R. J. Gen. Virol. 2002; 83: 1535-1545Crossref PubMed Scopus (401) Google Scholar), or, alternatively, in a pH-independent manner via direct interaction of the viral glycoproteins with their receptors. These two cell entry pathways can be distinguished by assessing the effect in infection assays of drugs that inhibit endosomal-pH acidification, such as weak bases (e.g. chloroquine), and vacuolar H(+)-ATPase inhibitors (e.g. bafilomycin A1) (28Sieczkarski S.B. Whittaker G.R. J. Gen. Virol. 2002; 83: 1535-1545Crossref PubMed Scopus (401) Google Scholar). We determined whether entry of HCVpp in Huh-7 hepato-carcinoma cells is likely to proceed via internalization by treating target cells before and during infection with bafilomycin A1. Infectivity of control pseudotype particles generated with pH-independent glycoproteins from MLV-A or RD114 was not affected by bafilomycin A1, at concentrations of up to 50 nm (Fig. 1), consistent with the pH-independent entry route adopted by these retroviruses (29McClure M.O. Sommerfelt M.A. Marsh M. Weiss R.A. J. Gen. Virol. 1990; 71: 767-773Crossref PubMed Scopus (181) Google Scholar). That bafilomycin A1 seemingly reduced the infectivity of these two control viruses at 100 nm could be clearly attributed to cell toxicity of the drug (data not shown). In contrast, bafilomycin A1 reduced in a dose-dependent manner the infectious titers of HCVpp, as well as the infectivity of pseudotype particles generated with pH-dependent glycoproteins from fowl-plague virus, an avian influenza virus, or from VSV. At 100 nm of bafilomycin A1, the titers of the HCVpp and the pseudotype particles coated with FPV hemagglutinin were reduced by a factor of 30–50-fold (Fig. 1). Similar results were obtained with chloroquine and when using Hep3B as alternative target cells (data not shown). These data indicated that the fusion-activation of HCV E1E2 glycoproteins is pH-dependent and that cell entry of HCVpp most likely occurs by endocytosis. Thus some of the receptors used by HCV to infect the target cells may be responsible for virion internalization. CD81 and SR-B1 Co-expression Is Not Sufficient for HCVpp Cell Entry—The LDLr, the CD81 tetraspanin, and the SR-B1 have been proposed as putative HCV receptors mediating entry into hepatic cells (17Scarselli E. Ansuini H. Cerino R. Roccasecca R. Acali S. Filocamo G. Traboni C. Nicosia A. Cortese R. Vitelli A. EMBO J. 2002; 21: 5017-5025Crossref PubMed Scopus (956) Google Scholar, 18Agnello V. Abel G. Elfahal M. Knight G.B. Zhang Q.X. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 12766-12771Crossref PubMed Scopus (806) Google Scholar, 19Pileri P. Uematsu Y. Campagnoli S. Galli G. Falugi F. Petracca R. Weiner A.J. Houghton M. Rosa D. Grandi G. Abrignani S. Science. 1998; 282: 938-941Crossref PubMed Scopus (1798) Google Scholar, 30Monazahian M. Bohme I. Bonk S. Koch A. Scholz C. Grethe S. Thomssen R. J. Med. Virol. 1999; 57: 223-229Crossref PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar) on the basis of their physical association with virions or with soluble E2 glycoproteins. Although virion association to LDLr is most likely due to indirect interaction, via virion-bound apolipoproteins (31Andre P. Komurian-Pradel F. Deforges S. Perret M. Berland J.L. Sodoyer M. Pol S. Brechot C. Paranhos-Baccala G. Lotteau V. J. Virol. 2002; 76: 6919-6928Crossref PubMed Scopus (553) Google Scholar), direct interaction between soluble E2 and CD81 or SR-B1 could be demonstrated (17Scarselli E. Ansuini H. Cerino R. Roccasecca R. Acali S. Filocamo G. Traboni C. Nicosia A. Cortese R. Vitelli A. EMBO J. 2002; 21: 5017-5025Crossref PubMed Scopus (956) Google Scholar, 27Roccasecca R. Ansuini H. Vitelli A. Meola A. Scarselli E. Acali S. Pezzanera M. Ercole B.B. McKeating J. Yagnik A. Lahm A. Tramontano A. Cortese R. Nicosia A. J. Virol. 2003; 77: 1856-1867Crossref PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar). However, due to the lack of infectious HCV particles, evidence that these receptor candidates could support infection was missing. By receptor competition assays, we recently provided evidence that CD81 was involved in the early steps of infection, but was not sufficient to permit infection (14Bartosch B. Dubuisson J. Cosset F.L. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 197: 633-642Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar). Indeed, non-hepatic human cells that express CD81 were found to be not or very poorly permissive to infection (Table I), with infectious titers of HCVpp more than 100-fold lower than those measured on Huh-7 cells. Furthermore, ectopic expression of human CD81 in non-permissive murine cells did not restore infection (14Bartosch B. Dubuisson J. Cosset F.L. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 197: 633-642Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar). Thus, hepato-carcinoma cells, which coexpress LDLr, CD81, and SR-B1, exhibited the maximal levels of infectivity. Therefore, because SR-B1 is expressed in most cells types, though at highly variable levels (Table I), non-permissiveness to infection may be due to lack of sufficient levels of SR-B1 expression, or, alternatively, to lack of a critical hepatocyte factor(s). To address either of these possibilities, we performed infection assays in CHO cells and 293 human embryo kidney cells that expressed no and low levels of SR-B1, respectively (Table I). CHO cells, which are not permissive to HCVpp infection (14Bartosch B. Dubuisson J. Cosset F.L. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 197: 633-642Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar), were engineered to allow stable and constitutive expression of CD81 alone, SR-B1 alone, or both molecules. Expression of either molecule was sufficient to allow binding of E2 soluble glycoproteins (17Scarselli E. Ansuini H. Cerino R. Roccasecca R. Acali S. Filocamo G. Traboni C. Nicosia A. Cortese R. Vitelli A. EMBO J. 2002; 21: 5017-5025Crossref PubMed Scopus (956) Google Scholar, 27Roccasecca R. Ansuini H. Vitelli A. Meola A. Scarselli E. Acali S. Pezzanera M. Ercole B.B. McKeating J. Yagnik A. Lahm A. Tramontano A. Cortese R. Nicosia A. J. Virol. 2003; 77: 1856-1867Crossref PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar). All these CHO-derived cells were highly permissive to infection with control pseudotype particles generated with the VSV-G glycoprotein, which binds a non-related receptor. However, despite densities of CD81 and/or SR-B1 molecules similar if not higher than that of the highly permissive Huh-7 cells (Table I), we found no evidence for infection with HCVpp based on genotype 1a (H77 strain) and 1b (J strain) (Fig. 2). In contrast, over-expression of SR-B1 in the poorly permissive 293 cells (14Bartosch B. Dubuisson J. Cosset F.L. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 197: 633-642Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar), which naturally express abundant levels of CD81 but very low levels of SR-B1 (Table I), resulted in increased levels of infection for both HCVpp-1a and -1b. Using HCVpp harboring a lacZ marker gene that allows the precise determination of low levels of infectivity in contrast to the GFP marker gene, over 10-fold increased infectivity were detected in 293-SR-B1 cells; yet the infectious titers remained below 103 TU/ml (Table I). Furthermore, we found that several human cells of non-hepatic origin, e.g. HeLa and SW13, expressed LDLr, CD81, and SR-B1 at levels comparable with those detected in hepato-carcinoma cells but were poorly permissive to infection, with infectious titers of HCVpp lower than 103 TU/ml (Table I). Altogether these results indicate that although hCD81 and/or SR-B1 bind HCV E2 glycoproteins and might play a role in cell surface attachment and internalization of HCV, their co-expression in a non-hepatic cell background is not sufficient to support efficient HCVpp infection. Additional interactions between the virions and hepatic cell surface components are likely necessary to allow HCVpp cell entry.Table IExpression of CD81 and SR-B1 and permissivity to infectionCell linesTissueHLDLraDetection of human LDLr using 15C8 antibodies on the surface of the indicated cells by flow cytometry. -, MFI (mean fluorescent intensity) shift of 1; +/-, MFI shift between 2 and 4; +, MFI shift between 4 and 10; ++, MFI shift over 10.hCD81bDetection of human CD81 using JS-81 antibodies on the surface of the indicated cells by flow cytometry. -, MFI shift of 1; +, MFI shift between 1 and 50; ++, MFI shift over 50.hSR-B1cDetection of human SR-B1 using mouse SR-B1 serum diluted 1/100 on the surface of the indicated cells by flow cytometry. -, MFI shift of less than 2; +/-, MFI shift between 2 and 6; +, MFI shift between 6 and 20; ++, MFI shift over 20.InfectivitydInfectivity of HCVpp of genotype 1a and 1b harboring the GFP marker gene. ++, titers higher than 105 TU/ml; +, titers between 103 and 105 TU/ml; +/-, titers between 102 and 103 TU/ml; -, titers lower than 102 TU/ml, which corresponds to the threshold of detection of infected cells by FACS analysis.Huh-7Hepatocellular carcinoma++++++PLC/PRF/5Hepatoma+++++Hep3BHepatocellular carcinoma+/-+++HepG2-CD81Hepatocellular carcinoma++++++HepG2Hepatocellular carcinoma+-+++/-SW-13Adrenocortical carcinoma++++/-293-SR-B1Embryo kidney+/-++++/-eOverexpression of SR-B1 in 293 cells resulted in ca. 10-fold increased infectious titers of HCVpp harbouring a lacZ marker gene. Titers in 293 cells: (2.6 ± 0.5) × 101 TU/ml; titers in 293-SR-B1 cells: (4.9 ± 1.5) × 102 TU/ml.293Embryo kidney+/-+++/--eOverexpression of SR-B1 in 293 cells resulted in ca. 10-fold increased infectious titers of HCVpp harbouring a lacZ marker gene. Titers in 293 cells: (2.6 ± 0.5) × 101 TU/ml; titers in 293-SR-B1 cells: (4.9 ± 1.5) × 102 TU/ml.HOSOsteosarcoma+/-+++-HeLaCervix adenocarcinoma++++-TE671Rhabdomyosarcoma-+++/--Molt-4T lymphoblastic leukemia++++--CHOChinese hamster ovary----CHO-CD81/SR-B1Chinese hamster ovary-++++-a Detection of human LDLr using 15C8 antibodies on the surface of the indicated cells by flow cytometry. -, MFI (mean fluorescent intensity) shift of 1; +/-, MFI shift between 2 and 4; +, MFI shift between 4 and 10; ++, MFI shift over 10.b Detection of human CD81 using JS-81 antibodies on the surface of the indicated cells by flow cytometry. -, MFI shift of 1; +, MFI shift between 1 and 50; ++, MFI shift over 50.c Detection of human SR-B1 using mouse SR-B1 serum diluted 1/100 on the surface of the indicated cells by flow cytometry. -, MFI shift of less than 2; +/-, MFI shift between 2 and 6; +, MFI shift between 6 and 20; ++, MFI shift over 20.d Infectivity of HCVpp of genotype 1a and 1b harboring the GFP marker gene. ++, titers higher than 105 TU/ml; +, titers between 103 and 105 TU/ml; +/-, titers between 102 and 103 TU/ml; -, titers lower than 102 TU/ml, which corresponds to the threshold of detection of infected cells by FACS analysis.e Overexpression of SR-B1 in 293 cells resulted in ca. 10-fold increased infectious titers of HCVpp harbouring a lacZ marker gene. Titers in 293 cells: (2.6 ± 0.5) × 101 TU/ml; titers in 293-SR-B1 cells: (4.9 ± 1.5) × 102 TU/ml. Open table in a new tab Both SR-B1 and CD81 Are Necessary for HCVpp Entry into Hepatic Cells—Our previous results established that the highest levels of infectivity were detected in all hepato-carcinoma cells tested, with the notable exception of HepG2 cells (14Bartosch B. Dubuisson J. Cosset F.L. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 197: 633-642Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar). Yet, as shown by us, HepG2 cells are fully competent for binding E2 g