For the initiation of metastasis, there must be a small population of cancer stem cells at the secondary site and, to maintain this population and allow proliferation, infiltrating cancer cells must induce the expression of stromal periostin. Experiments in a mouse mammary tumour model that spontaneously metastasizes to the lungs show that metastatic colonization first requires the presence of a small population of infiltrating cancer stem cells. These cells induce the expression of the extracellular protein periostin, which supports the growth of metastases in the resulting niche environment by enhancing Wnt signalling in the tumour cells. Blockade of periostin function prevents metastasis, suggesting that there may be therapeutic potential in targeting the metastatic niche at an early stage of metastasis when the tumour cells are likely to be particularly dependent on niche signals. Metastatic growth in distant organs is the major cause of cancer mortality. The development of metastasis is a multistage process with several rate-limiting steps1. Although dissemination of tumour cells seems to be an early and frequent event2, the successful initiation of metastatic growth, a process termed ‘metastatic colonization’, is inefficient for many cancer types and is accomplished only by a minority of cancer cells that reach distant sites3,4. Prevalent target sites are characteristic of many tumour entities5, suggesting that inadequate support by distant tissues contributes to the inefficiency of the metastatic process. Here we show that a small population of cancer stem cells is critical for metastatic colonization, that is, the initial expansion of cancer cells at the secondary site, and that stromal niche signals are crucial to this expansion process. We find that periostin (POSTN), a component of the extracellular matrix, is expressed by fibroblasts in the normal tissue and in the stroma of the primary tumour. Infiltrating tumour cells need to induce stromal POSTN expression in the secondary target organ (in this case lung) to initiate colonization. POSTN is required to allow cancer stem cell maintenance, and blocking its function prevents metastasis. POSTN recruits Wnt ligands and thereby increases Wnt signalling in cancer stem cells. We suggest that the education of stromal cells by infiltrating tumour cells is an important step in metastatic colonization and that preventing de novo niche formation may be a novel strategy for the treatment of metastatic disease.