ResearchHub | Open Science Community

Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: The movement disorder society criteria

Günter Höglinger et al.May 3, 2017

Paleontology

Law

0

Paper

Save

Stages of pTDP‐43 pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Johannes Brettschneider et al.May 20, 2013

Objective To see whether the distribution patterns of phosphorylated 43kDa TAR DNA‐binding protein (pTDP‐43) intraneuronal inclusions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) permit recognition of neuropathological stages. Methods pTDP‐43 immunohistochemistry was performed on 70μm sections from ALS autopsy cases (N = 76) classified by clinical phenotype and genetic background. Results ALS cases with the lowest burden of pTDP‐43 pathology were characterized by lesions in the agranular motor cortex, brainstem motor nuclei of cranial nerves V, VII, and X–XII, and spinal cord α‐motoneurons (stage 1). Increasing burdens of pathology showed involvement of the prefrontal neocortex (middle frontal gyrus), brainstem reticular formation, precerebellar nuclei, and the red nucleus (stage 2). In stage 3, pTDP‐43 pathology involved the prefrontal (gyrus rectus and orbital gyri) and then postcentral neocortex and striatum. Cases with the greatest burden of pTDP‐43 lesions showed pTDP‐43 inclusions in anteromedial portions of the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus (stage 4). At all stages, these lesions were accompanied by pTDP‐43 oligodendroglial aggregates. Ten cases with C9orf72 repeat expansion displayed the same sequential spreading pattern as nonexpansion cases but a greater regional burden of lesions, indicating a more fulminant dissemination of pTDP‐43 pathology. Interpretation pTDP‐43 pathology in ALS possibly disseminates in a sequential pattern that permits recognition of 4 neuropathological stages consistent with the hypothesis that pTDP‐43 pathology is propagated along axonal pathways. Moreover, the finding that pTDP‐43 pathology develops in the prefrontal cortex as part of an ongoing disease process could account for the development of executive cognitive deficits in ALS. Ann Neurol 2013;74:20–38

Anatomy

Neurology

0

Paper

Save

Neurodegenerative disease concomitant proteinopathies are prevalent, age-related and APOE4-associated

John Robinson et al.May 15, 2018

Lewy bodies commonly occur in Alzheimer’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease pathology is frequent in Lewy body diseases, but the burden of co-pathologies across neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. We assessed the extent of tau, amyloid-β, α-synuclein and TDP-43 proteinopathies in 766 autopsied individuals representing a broad spectrum of clinical neurodegenerative disease. We interrogated pathological Alzheimer’s disease (n = 247); other tauopathies (n = 95) including Pick’s disease, corticobasal disease and progressive supranuclear palsy; the synucleinopathies (n = 164) including multiple system atrophy and Lewy body disease; the TDP-43 proteinopathies (n = 188) including frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; and a minimal pathology group (n = 72). Each group was divided into subgroups without or with co-pathologies. Age and sex matched logistic regression models compared co-pathology prevalence between groups. Co-pathology prevalence was similar between the minimal pathology group and most neurodegenerative diseases for each proteinopathy: tau was nearly universal (92–100%), amyloid-β common (20–57%); α-synuclein less common (4–16%); and TDP-43 the rarest (0–16%). In several neurodegenerative diseases, co-pathology increased: in Alzheimer’s disease, α-synuclein (41–55%) and TDP-43 (33–40%) increased; in progressive supranuclear palsy, α-synuclein increased (22%); in corticobasal disease, TDP-43 increased (24%); and in neocortical Lewy body disease, amyloid-β (80%) and TDP-43 (22%) increased. Total co-pathology prevalence varied across groups (27–68%), and was increased in high Alzheimer’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and neocortical Lewy body disease (70–81%). Increased age at death was observed in the minimal pathology group, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple system atrophy cases with co-pathologies. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and neocortical Lewy body disease, co-pathologies associated with APOE ɛ4. Lewy body disease cases with Alzheimer’s disease co-pathology had substantially lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores than pure Lewy body disease. Our data imply that increased age and APOE ɛ4 status are risk factors for co-pathologies independent of neurodegenerative disease; that neurodegenerative disease severity influences co-pathology as evidenced by the prevalence of co-pathology in high Alzheimer’s disease and neocortical Lewy body disease, but not intermediate Alzheimer’s disease or limbic Lewy body disease; and that tau and α-synuclein strains may also modify co-pathologies since tauopathies and synucleinopathies had differing co-pathologies and burdens. These findings have implications for clinical trials that focus on monotherapies targeting tau, amyloid-β, α-synuclein and TDP-43.

Physiology

Neurology

0

Paper

Save

SpaGCN: Integrating gene expression, spatial location and histology to identify spatial domains and spatially variable genes by graph convolutional network

Jian Hu et al.Oct 28, 2021

Recent advances in spatially resolved transcriptomics (SRT) technologies have enabled comprehensive characterization of gene expression patterns in the context of tissue microenvironment. To elucidate spatial gene expression variation, we present SpaGCN, a graph convolutional network approach that integrates gene expression, spatial location and histology in SRT data analysis. Through graph convolution, SpaGCN aggregates gene expression of each spot from its neighboring spots, which enables the identification of spatial domains with coherent expression and histology. The subsequent domain guided differential expression (DE) analysis then detects genes with enriched expression patterns in the identified domains. Analyzing seven SRT datasets using SpaGCN, we show it can detect genes with much more enriched spatial expression patterns than competing methods. Furthermore, genes detected by SpaGCN are transferrable and can be utilized to study spatial variation of gene expression in other datasets. SpaGCN is computationally fast, platform independent, making it a desirable tool for diverse SRT studies.

Genetics

Paleontology

0

Paper

Save

Hepatitis B transmission from contaminated cryopreservation tank

Richard Tedder et al.Jul 1, 1995

Over a 25-month period, six multiply transfused patients undergoing cytotoxic treatment for haematological or other malignant disorders developed icteric acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Bone marrow or peripheral-blood stem cells had been harvested from all six patients and stored in the same cryopreservation tank for possible future transplantation. Human DNA, HBsAg, and HBV DNA with sequences identical to those from four patients with related infections were subsequently found in the liquid nitrogen. Leakage of the cryopreservation bags used to store bone marrow harvested from the first patient when acutely infected with HBV led to contamination of the tank and its contents with HBV and subsequent transmission to patients after transplantation. This incident emphasises the continuing need to screen donors of tissue to be cryopreserved for bloodborne virus infections. It also reinforces the requirement for primary containers used to cryopreserve human tissue to be sealed in a way which prevents exchange of material between the specimen and the liquid nitrogen.

Epidemiology

Immunology

0

Paper

Save

Neuropathologic substrates of Parkinson disease dementia

David Irwin et al.Jun 13, 2012

Abstract Objective: A study was undertaken to examine the neuropathological substrates of cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson disease (PD). Methods: One hundred forty patients with a clinical diagnosis of PD and either normal cognition or onset of dementia 2 or more years after motor symptoms (PDD) were studied. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies were excluded. Autopsy records of genetic data and semiquantitative scores for the burden of neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, Lewy bodies (LBs), and Lewy neurites (LNs) and other pathologies were used to develop a multivariate logistic regression model to determine the independent association of these variables with dementia. Correlates of comorbid Alzheimer disease (AD) were also examined. Results: Niney‐two PD patients developed dementia, and 48 remained cognitively normal. Severity of cortical LB (CLB)/LN pathology was positively associated with dementia ( p < 0.001), with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.87–8.81), as was apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype ( p = 0.018; OR, 4.19; 95% CI, 1.28–13.75). A total of 28.6% of all PD cases had sufficient pathology for comorbid AD, of whom 89.5% were demented. The neuropathological diagnosis of PDD+AD correlated with an older age of PD onset ( p = 0.001; OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.04–1.21), higher CLB/LN burden ( p = 0.037; OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.06–5.82), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy severity ( p = 0.032; OR, 4.16; 95% CI, 1.13–15.30). Interpretation: CLB/LN pathology is the most significant correlate of dementia in PD. Additionally, APOE4 genotype may independently influence the risk of dementia in PD. AD pathology was abundant in a subset of patients, and may modify the clinical phenotype. Thus, therapies that target α‐synuclein, tau, or amyloid β could potentially improve cognitive performance in PD. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:587–598

Physiology

Internal Medicine

0

Paper

Save

Neuropathological and genetic correlates of survival and dementia onset in synucleinopathies: a retrospective analysis

David Irwin et al.Dec 6, 2016

Physiology

Complementary And Alternative Medicine

0

Paper

Save

Association of Cerebrospinal Fluid β-Amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau₁₈₁, and α-Synuclein Levels With Clinical Features of Drug-Naive Patients With Early Parkinson Disease

Ju‐Hee Kang et al.Aug 26, 2013

0

Paper

Save

APOE ε4 Increases Risk for Dementia in Pure Synucleinopathies

Debby Tsuang et al.Nov 19, 2012

Objective

To test for an association between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ϵ4 allele and dementias with synucleinopathy.

Design

Genetic case-control association study.

Setting

Academic research.

Patients

Autopsied subjects were classified into 5 categories: dementia with high-level Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathologic changes (NCs) but without Lewy body disease (LBD) NCs (AD group; n = 244), dementia with LBDNCs and high-level ADNCs (LBD-AD group; n = 224), dementia with LBDNCs and no or low levels of ADNCs (pure DLB [pDLB] group; n = 91), Parkinson disease dementia (PDD) with no or low levels of ADNCs (n = 81), and control group (n = 269).

Main Outcome Measure

The APOE allele frequencies.

Results

The APOE ϵ4 allele frequency was significantly higher in the AD (38.1%), LBD-AD (40.6%), pDLB (31.9%), and PDD (19.1%) groups compared with the control group (7.2%; overall χ²₄ = 185.25; P = 5.56 × 10⁻³⁹), and it was higher in the pDLB group than the PDD group (P = .01). In an age-adjusted and sex-adjusted dominant model, ϵ4 was strongly associated with AD (odds ratio, 9.9; 95% CI, 6.4-15.3), LBD-AD (odds ratio, 12.6; 95% CI, 8.1-19.8), pDLB (odds ratio, 6.1; 95% CI, 3.5-10.5), and PDD (odds ratio, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.7-5.6).

Conclusions

The APOE ϵ4 allele is a strong risk factor across the LBD spectrum and occurs at an increased frequency in pDLB relative to PDD. This suggests that ϵ4 increases the likelihood of presenting with dementia in the context of a pure synucleinopathy. The elevated ϵ4 frequency in the pDLB and PDD groups, in which the overall brain neuritic plaque burden was low, indicates that apoE might contribute to neurodegeneration through mechanisms unrelated to amyloid processing.

Genetics

Physiology

0

Paper

Save

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [¹⁸F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes

Adam Fleisher et al.Apr 27, 2020

Importance

Positron emission tomography (PET) may increase the diagnostic accuracy and confirm the underlying neuropathologic changes of Alzheimer disease (AD).

Objective

To determine the accuracy of antemortem [¹⁸F]flortaucipir PET images for predicting the presence of AD-type tau pathology at autopsy.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This diagnostic study (A16 primary cohort) was conducted from October 2015 to June 2018 at 28 study sites (27 in US sites and 1 in Australia). Individuals with a terminal illness who were older than 50 years and had a projected life expectancy of less than 6 months were enrolled. All participants underwent [¹⁸F]flortaucipir PET imaging, and scans were interpreted by 5 independent nuclear medicine physicians or radiologists. Supplemental autopsy [¹⁸F]flortaucipir images and pathological samples were also collected from 16 historically collected cases. A second study (FR01 validation study) was conducted from March 26 to April 26, 2019, in which 5 new readers assessed the original PET images for comparison to autopsy.

Main Outcomes and Measures

[¹⁸F]flortaucipir PET images were visually assessed and compared with immunohistochemical tau pathology. An AD tau pattern of flortaucipir retention was assessed for correspondence with a postmortem B3-level (Braak stage V or VI) pathological pattern of tau accumulation and to the presence of amyloid-β plaques sufficient to meet the criteria for high levels of AD neuropathological change. Success was defined as having at least 3 of the 5 readers above the lower bounds of the 95% CI for both sensitivity and specificity of 50% or greater.

Results

A total of 156 patients were enrolled in the A16 study and underwent [¹⁸F]flortaucipir PET imaging. Of these, 73 died during the study, and valid autopsies were performed for 67 of these patients. Three autopsies were evaluated as test cases and removed from the primary cohort (n = 64). Of the 64 primary cohort patients, 34 (53%) were women and 62 (97%) were white; mean (SD) age was 82.5 (9.6) years; and 49 (77%) had dementia, 1 (2%) had mild cognitive impairment, and 14 (22%) had normal cognition. Prespecified success criteria were met for the A16 primary cohort. The flortaucipir PET scans predicted a B3 level of tau pathology, with sensitivity ranging from 92.3% (95% CI, 79.7%-97.3%) to 100.0% (95% CI, 91.0%-100.0%) and specificity ranging from 52.0% (95% CI, 33.5%-70.0%) to 92.0% (95% CI, 75.0%-97.8%). A high level of AD neuropathological change was predicted with sensitivity of 94.7% (95% CI, 82.7%-98.5%) to 100.0% (95% CI, 90.8%-100.0%) and specificity of 50.0% (95% CI, 32.1%-67.9%) to 92.3% (95% CI, 75.9%-97.9%). The FR01 validation study also met prespecified success criteria. Addition of the supplemental autopsy data set and 3 test cases, which comprised a total of 82 patients and autopsies for both the A16 and FR01 studies, resulted in improved specificity and comparable overall accuracy. Among the 156 enrolled participants, 14 (9%) experienced at least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study’s findings suggest that PET imaging with [¹⁸F]flortaucipir could be used to identify the density and distribution of AD-type tau pathology and the presence of high levels of AD neuropathological change, supporting a neuropathological diagnosis of AD.

Physiology

Radiology, Nuclear Medicine And Imaging

0

Paper

Physiology

283

0

Save

Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: The movement disorder society criteria

Stages of pTDP‐43 pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Neurodegenerative disease concomitant proteinopathies are prevalent, age-related and APOE4-associated

SpaGCN: Integrating gene expression, spatial location and histology to identify spatial domains and spatially variable genes by graph convolutional network

Hepatitis B transmission from contaminated cryopreservation tank

Neuropathologic substrates of Parkinson disease dementia

Neuropathological and genetic correlates of survival and dementia onset in synucleinopathies: a retrospective analysis

Association of Cerebrospinal Fluid β-Amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and α-Synuclein Levels With Clinical Features of Drug-Naive Patients With Early Parkinson Disease

Importance

Objective

Design, Setting, and Participants

Main Outcomes and Measures

Results

Conclusions and Relevance

APOE ε4 Increases Risk for Dementia in Pure Synucleinopathies

Objective

Design

Setting

Patients

Main Outcome Measure

Results

Conclusions

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes

Importance

Objective

Design, Setting, and Participants

Main Outcomes and Measures

Results

Conclusions and Relevance

Association of Cerebrospinal Fluid β-Amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau₁₈₁, and α-Synuclein Levels With Clinical Features of Drug-Naive Patients With Early Parkinson Disease

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [¹⁸F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes