Importance-Type 1 diabetes usually has a preclinical phase identified by circulating islet autoantibodies, but the rate of progression to diabetes after seroconversion to islet autoantibodies is uncertain.Objective-To determine the rate of progression to diabetes after islet autoantibody seroconversion.Design, Setting, and Participants-Data were pooled from prospective cohort studies performed in Colorado (recruitment, 1993-2006), Finland (recruitment, 1994-2009), and Germany (recruitment, 1989-2006) examining children genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes for the development of insulin autoantibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) autoantibodies, insulinoma antigen 2 (IA2) autoantibodies, and diabetes.Participants were all children recruited and followed up in the 3 studies (Colorado, 1962; Finland, 8597; Germany, 2818).Follow-up assessment in each study was concluded by July 2012.Main Outcomes and Measures-The primary analysis was the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children with 2 or more autoantibodies.The secondary analysis was the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children with 1 autoantibody or no autoantibodies.Results-Progression to type 1 diabetes at 10-year follow-up after islet autoantibody seroconversion in 585 children with multiple islet autoantibodies was 69.7% (95% CI, 65.1%-74.3%),and in 474 children with a single islet autoantibody was 14.5% (95% CI, 10.3%-18.7%).Risk of diabetes in children who had no islet autoantibodies was 0.4% (95% CI, 0.2%-0.6%)by the age of 15 years.Progression to type 1 diabetes in the children with multiple islet autoantibodies was faster for children who had islet autoantibody seroconversion younger than age 3 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.65 [95% CI, 1.30-2.09;P < .001];10-year risk, 74.9% [95% CI, 69.7%-80.1%])vs children 3 years or older (60.9% [95% CI, 51.5%-70.3%]);for children with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype DR3/DR4-DQ8 (HR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.09-1.68;P=. 007]; 10-year risk, 76.6% [95% CI, 69.2%-84%]) vs other HLA genotypes (66.2% [95% CI, 60.2%-72.2%]);and for girls (HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.04-1.58;P=.02];10-year risk, 74.8% [95% CI, 68.0%-81.6%])vs boys (65.7% [95% CI, 59.3%-72.1%]).Conclusions and Relevance-The majority of children at risk of type 1 diabetes who had multiple islet autoantibody seroconversion progressed to diabetes over the next 15 years.Future prevention studies should focus on this high-risk population.