Plants contain various steroids and sterols with structures similar to those of steroid hormones in animals, and after painstaking research the brassinosteroids have become generally accepted as essential plant hormones. A key part of the pathway is the recognition of brassinosteroids by the BRI1 receptor and its co-receptor BAK1. But the news that BAK1 has an entirely unexpected, different function could complicate matters. BAK1 has been found to specifically associate with the innate immunity receptor FLS2 when this receptor is stimulated by its known ligand, flagellin. The innate immunity response is much weakened in Arabidopsis mutated in the bak1 gene. BAK1 therefore appears to have a dual role in development and innate immunity — as is the case for the well-known TOLL receptor in Drosophila. BAK1, a plant leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, is involved in plant hormone signalling. This protein is now ascribed another function, it is involved in bacterial flagellin-triggered defence responses. Plants sense potential microbial invaders by using pattern-recognition receptors to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)1. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases flagellin-sensitive 2 (FLS2) (ref. 2) and elongation factor Tu receptor (EFR) (ref. 3) act as pattern-recognition receptors for the bacterial PAMPs flagellin4 and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) (ref. 5) and contribute to resistance against bacterial pathogens. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that link receptor activation to intracellular signal transduction. Here we show that BAK1 (BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1), a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase that has been reported to regulate the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 (refs 6,7), is involved in signalling by FLS2 and EFR. Plants carrying bak1 mutations show normal flagellin binding but abnormal early and late flagellin-triggered responses, indicating that BAK1 acts as a positive regulator in signalling. The bak1-mutant plants also show a reduction in early, but not late, EF-Tu-triggered responses. The decrease in responses to PAMPs is not due to reduced sensitivity to brassinosteroids. We provide evidence that FLS2 and BAK1 form a complex in vivo, in a specific ligand-dependent manner, within the first minutes of stimulation with flagellin. Thus, BAK1 is not only associated with developmental regulation through the plant hormone receptor BRI1 (refs 6,7), but also has a functional role in PRR-dependent signalling, which initiates innate immunity.