ABSTRACT Immunological memory is essential for effective immune protection upon antigen rechallenge. Memory B cells encompass multiple subsets, heterogeneous in terms of phenotypes, origins and precursors, anatomical localization, and functional responses. B-cell responses are conditioned by micro-environmental signals, including cytokines. Here, we analyzed in vitro the effects of two cytokines implicated in B-cell differentiation, interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and interleukin (IL)-21, on the early functional response of four different mature B-cell subsets (IgD - CD27 - naive, IgD + CD27 + unswitched, IgD - CD27 + switched and double-negative B cells). The dual response of naive and memory B cells to IL-21 allowed us to uncover a unique IgD + CD27 - CD10 - B-cell population (referred to as NARB + ) characterized by the expression of marginal zone B-cell markers CD45RB and CD1c. Similar to memory B cells, NARB + cells were in a pre-activated state, allowing them to rapidly differentiate into plasmablasts upon innate signals while maintaining their susceptibility to IL-21 activation-induced apoptosis as observed for the naive compartment. Both in-depth phenotypic analysis of circulating B cells, and identification of these cells in spleen, tonsil and gut-associated lymphoid tissues, supported that NARB + are uncommitted precursors of human marginal zone B cells.