The members of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family bind a broad spectrum of extracellular ligands. Traditionally, they had been regarded as mere cargo receptors that promote the endocytosis and lysosomal delivery of these ligands. However, recent genetic experiments in mice have revealed critical functions for two LDL receptor family members, the very low density lipoprotein receptor and the apoE receptor-2, in the transmission of extracellular signals and the activation of intracellular tyrosine kinases. This process regulates neuronal migration and is crucial for brain development. Signaling through these receptors requires the interaction of their cytoplasmic tails with the intracellular adaptor protein Disabled-1 (DAB1). Here, we identify an extended set of cytoplasmic proteins that might also participate in signal transmission by the LDL receptor gene family. Most of these novel proteins are adaptor or scaffold proteins that contain PID or PDZ domains and function in the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, cell adhesion, vesicle trafficking, or neurotransmission. We show that binding of DAB1 interferes with receptor internalization suggesting a mechanism by which signaling through this class of receptors might be regulated. Taken together, these findings imply much broader physiological functions for the LDL receptor family than had previously been appreciated. They form the basis for the elucidation of the molecular pathways by which cells respond to the diversity of ligands that bind to these multifunctional receptors on the cell surface. The members of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family bind a broad spectrum of extracellular ligands. Traditionally, they had been regarded as mere cargo receptors that promote the endocytosis and lysosomal delivery of these ligands. However, recent genetic experiments in mice have revealed critical functions for two LDL receptor family members, the very low density lipoprotein receptor and the apoE receptor-2, in the transmission of extracellular signals and the activation of intracellular tyrosine kinases. This process regulates neuronal migration and is crucial for brain development. Signaling through these receptors requires the interaction of their cytoplasmic tails with the intracellular adaptor protein Disabled-1 (DAB1). Here, we identify an extended set of cytoplasmic proteins that might also participate in signal transmission by the LDL receptor gene family. Most of these novel proteins are adaptor or scaffold proteins that contain PID or PDZ domains and function in the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, cell adhesion, vesicle trafficking, or neurotransmission. We show that binding of DAB1 interferes with receptor internalization suggesting a mechanism by which signaling through this class of receptors might be regulated. Taken together, these findings imply much broader physiological functions for the LDL receptor family than had previously been appreciated. They form the basis for the elucidation of the molecular pathways by which cells respond to the diversity of ligands that bind to these multifunctional receptors on the cell surface. low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein E apoE receptor-2 amyloid precursor protein glutathione-S-transferase c-Jun N-terminal kinase LDL receptor-related protein mitogen activated protein kinase phosphate buffered saline protein interaction domain phosphotyrosine binding regulation of G-protein signaling very low density lipoprotein polymerase chain reaction neuronal nitric-oxide synthase Chinese hamster ovary The low density lipoprotein (LDL)1 receptor gene family has traditionally been regarded as a class of constitutively recycling cell surface receptors that merely mediate the endocytosis and lysosomal delivery of various ligands (such as lipoproteins, proteases, and protease inhibitors) that bind to their extracellular domains (1Krieger M. Herz J. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1994; 63: 601-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (1085) Google Scholar). Recently, we have reported that the cytoplasmic adaptor or scaffold proteins Disabled-1 (DAB1) and FE65 interact with the cytoplasmic tails of certain LDL receptor family members (2Trommsdorff M. Borg J.P. Margolis B. Herz J. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 33556-33560Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar). DAB1 and FE65 have no known role in endocytosis but rather function in cellular signal transduction pathways that involve tyrosine kinases and remodeling of the cytoskeleton. LDL receptor family members do not merely bind these proteins in a fortuitous manner, they rather act in concert with these adaptors and play pivotal roles in cellular signal transduction cascades. This was revealed by the analysis of knockout animals lacking the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor and the apolipoprotein E (apoE) receptor-2 (3Trommsdorff M. Gotthardt M. Hiesberger T. Shelton J. Stockinger W. Nimpf J. Hammer R.E. Richardson J.A. Herz J. Cell. 1999; 97: 689-701Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1106) Google Scholar). Mice lacking both receptors exhibit a phenotype that is indistinguishable from that of animals deficient for the extracellular signaling molecule Reelin (4Falconer D.S. J. Genet. 1951; 50: 192-201Crossref PubMed Scopus (442) Google Scholar, 5Curran T. D'Arcangelo G. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 1998; 26: 285-294Crossref PubMed Scopus (220) Google Scholar) or DAB1 (6Howell B.W. Hawkes R. Soriano P. Cooper J.A. Nature. 1997; 389: 733-737Crossref PubMed Scopus (627) Google Scholar, 7Ware M.L. Fox J.W. Gonzalez J.L. Davis N.M. Lambert de Rouvroit C. Russo C.J. Chua Jr., S.C. Goffinet A.M. Walsh C.A. Neuron. 1997; 19: 239-249Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (231) Google Scholar, 8Sheldon M. Rice D.S. D'Arcangelo G. Yoneshima H. Nakajima K. Mikoshiba K. Howell B.W. Cooper J.A. Goldowitz D. Curran T. Nature. 1997; 389: 730-733Crossref PubMed Scopus (564) Google Scholar), suggesting that these genes function in a linear signaling pathway. Reelin does indeed bind to both the VLDL receptor and the apoER2 but does so only weakly to the structurally closely related LDL receptor (9Hiesberger T. Trommsdorff M. Howell B.W. Goffinet A. Mumby M.C. Cooper J.A. Herz J. Neuron. 1999; 24: 481-489Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (810) Google Scholar, 10D'Arcangelo G. Homayouni R. Keshvara L. Rice D.S. Sheldon M. Curran T. Neuron. 1999; 24: 471-479Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (705) Google Scholar). Both the VLDL receptor and apoER2 bind Reelin with comparable affinity (9Hiesberger T. Trommsdorff M. Howell B.W. Goffinet A. Mumby M.C. Cooper J.A. Herz J. Neuron. 1999; 24: 481-489Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (810) Google Scholar, 10D'Arcangelo G. Homayouni R. Keshvara L. Rice D.S. Sheldon M. Curran T. Neuron. 1999; 24: 471-479Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (705) Google Scholar) and are expressed in the same population of migrating neurons during the phase of embryonic brain development (3Trommsdorff M. Gotthardt M. Hiesberger T. Shelton J. Stockinger W. Nimpf J. Hammer R.E. Richardson J.A. Herz J. Cell. 1999; 97: 689-701Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1106) Google Scholar). Yet mice lacking only one of the receptors display distinct phenotypes suggesting additional functions that cannot be compensated for by the respective other receptor. Similarly, mice deficient for Megalin, another member of the LDL receptor gene family, present with a developmental abnormality of their brains known as holoprosencephaly (11Willnow T.E. Hilpert J. Armstrong S.A. Rohlmann A. Hammer R.E. Burns D.K. Herz J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 8460-8464Crossref PubMed Scopus (424) Google Scholar), but the molecular basis for this defect is largely unclear. All members of the gene family bind apoE, a component of cholesterol carrying lipoprotein particles. One isoform of apoE, apoE-4, has been linked to late onset Alzheimer's disease. The molecular mechanisms by which apoE predisposes to this debilitating neurodegenerative disease are also unknown but may involve signaling through LDL receptor family members (9Hiesberger T. Trommsdorff M. Howell B.W. Goffinet A. Mumby M.C. Cooper J.A. Herz J. Neuron. 1999; 24: 481-489Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (810) Google Scholar, 10D'Arcangelo G. Homayouni R. Keshvara L. Rice D.S. Sheldon M. Curran T. Neuron. 1999; 24: 471-479Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (705) Google Scholar). The developmental phenotypes that are caused by genetic defects of LDL receptor family members and the role the receptors may play in the development of Alzheimer's disease are difficult to explain on the basis of impaired endocytosis of extracellular ligands alone. Rather, they suggest that these genes fulfill broad and essential roles in cellular communication such as in, but not limited to, the transmission of migratory cues in the case of Reelin, DAB1, VLDL receptor, and apoER2. It is thus likely that these genes interact with other components of the cellular signal transduction machinery besides DAB1. To allow diverse signals to be routed through a single receptor, specificity of signal transduction has to be ensured by other means. One way that nature has achieved this is through the assembly of multiprotein complexes (12Pawson T. Scott J.D. Science. 1997; 278: 2075-2080Crossref PubMed Scopus (1917) Google Scholar). Thus, a given receptor may bind multiple signaling molecules, yet activation of the appropriate intracellular signaling pathway would be dependent on the other components,e.g. co-receptors and adaptor or scaffold proteins, in the complex. Furthermore, it is unclear whether cytoplasmic adaptors that bind to the tails of LDL receptor family members interact or interfere with the endocytosis machinery. To address these questions we have searched for other cytoplasmic proteins that bind tightly to LDL receptor family tails. Our findings suggest that the role of the LDL receptor gene family in cellular signaling is not restricted to the transmission of the Reelin signal to cellular tyrosine kinases but may also involve modulation of MAP kinase activity and cell adhesion. We have investigated whether the endocytosis machinery and cellular signaling by DAB1 employ the same or overlapping sequence motifs by overexpressing DAB1 in cultured cells and determining its effect on the cellular binding and endocytosis of LDL. For the LDL receptor example, we show that adaptor binding to the tail can compete with the endocytosis machinery. This suggests a molecular mechanism by which initiation of endocytosis may serve to turn off periodically cellular signals that are routed through this class of multifunctional cell surface receptors. Restriction endonucleases and other DNA-modifying enzymes (T4 DNA ligase and calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase) were purchased from Roche Molecular Biochemicals and New England Biolabs (Beverly, MA). The Taq polymerase and the Takara LA PCR Kit were obtained from Perkin-Elmer and Panvera, respectively. Glutathione-agarose was purchased from Sigma and Protease Inhibitor Mixture from Roche Molecular Biochemicals. The MATCHMAKER LexA two-hybrid system and yeast culture media were obtained fromCLONTECH. Antibodies against LRP (13Herz J. Hamann U. Rogne S. Myklebost O. Gausepohl H. Stanley K.K. EMBO J. 1988; 7: 4119-4127Crossref PubMed Scopus (848) Google Scholar) and Megalin (11Willnow T.E. Hilpert J. Armstrong S.A. Rohlmann A. Hammer R.E. Burns D.K. Herz J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 8460-8464Crossref PubMed Scopus (424) Google Scholar) have been described previously. Human LDL was iodinated using the iodine monochloride method (14Goldstein J.L. Basu S.K. Brown M.S. Methods Enzymol. 1983; 98: 241-260Crossref PubMed Scopus (1414) Google Scholar). Restriction sites used for cloning are bold, and template sequences are underlined. The primer sequences (5′-3′) used in the yeast two-hybrid screen are as follows: MG-LDLR-3y, TTTTGAATTC AAGAACTGGCGGCTTAAGAACATC; MG-LDLR-4y, TTTTGGATCC TCACGCCACGTCATCCTCCAGACTG; MG-gp330–1y, TTTTGAATTC GGCTCCCTTTTGCCTGCTCTGCCCA; MG-gp330–2′y, TTTTCCATGG TCAATCCACATTTTCAGATACAGTCACC; MG-gp330–3y, TTTTCCATGGCTATACTTCAGAGTCTTCTTTAACA; MG-gp330–5y, TTTTGAATTCTCAGCCAGAGACAGTGCTGTCAAAG; MG-gp330–6y, TTTTGAATTC GGAAGTCCCATAAACCCTTCTGAG; MG-gp330–7y, TTTTCCATGG CTATTCAAAGTTGGTAGTTTGTTTAG; MG-VLDLR-1y, TTTTGAATTC AGGAATTGGCAACATAAAAACATG; MG-VLDLR-2y, TTTTCTCGAG TCAAGCCAGATCATCATCTGTGC; MG-LR11–1y, TTTTGAATTC ACGAAGCACCGGAGGCTGCAGAG; MG-LR11–2y, TTTTCTCGAG TCAGGCTATCACCATGGGGACGT; MG-LRP1, TTTTGAATTC GTCCAAGGGGCTAAGGGCTTCCAGCAC; MG-LRP2, TTTTGGATCCCTATCCCACATCATCAGGCTCTCCGCCTTC; MG-LRP4, TTTTGGATCCTTAGCTGGCCAGGGAGTGGCGACTGCCATG; MG-LRP5, TTTTGGATCC CTATGCCAAGGGGTCCCCTATCTCGTCCT; MG-apoER21y, TTTTGAATTC TGGAGGAACTGAAAGCGGAAGAACACCAAG; MG-apoER22y, TTTTGGATCC TCAGGGCAGTCCATCATCTTCAAGACTTAATG; MG-Dab1y, TTTTGAATTC GGATTAAGTAGGATGTCAACTGAGACAGAAC; and MG-Dab2y, TTTTGTCGAC CTAGCTACCGTCTTGTGGACTTATATTATCAC. Primers used for amplification of in situ hybridization probes are as follows: MG-LRP-is E41, GTACCAATGTGTGCGCGGTAGCCAAC; MG-LRP-isr E41, TTTCCACGATGGTGGTCCTGCCCGAG; MG-MEG-ismm,CGAGAGGCATCCCTCCAGGGACGACA; MG-MEG-ismmr,GGATCTATGGACCTTCCATAGTTCTG; pB42AD2,CATGAAATTGAAGCGGATGTTAAC; MG-ymeg8isr2, TTTTCTCGAGCAAAGATGAAGTCTTCCAGGCCGATC; MG-ymeg11isr, TTTTCTCGAGCAGGGCTTTGGTGGAATCTTCAGACAC; and MG-ymeg20isr, TTTTCTCGAGCGTGGCAGGCAAAGCGGCTTAGCAGC. All LDL receptor family cytoplasmic tail LexA fusion proteins were constructed using the pLexA vector (MATCHMAKER system,CLONTECH). The cytoplasmic domains andDab1 were amplified by PCR from human and mouse brain 1st strand cDNA or cDNA clones. PCR products were subcloned into the EcoRI and NcoI sites of pLexA for the Megalin and VLDL receptor and with EcoRI and BamHI sites for the other receptors. The Dab1 cDNA (2Trommsdorff M. Borg J.P. Margolis B. Herz J. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 33556-33560Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar) was transferred via EcoRI and SalI into theEcoRI- and XhoI-digested prey plasmid pB42AD (MATCHMAKER system, CLONTECH). All constructs were sequenced after cloning, and all bait vectors were tested for self-activation. Bait and prey vectors were cotransfected into yeast cells (leucine auxotrophic strain EGY48) using the LiAc method as described in the MATCHMAKER manual (CLONTECH). The two-hybrid assay used two reporters (LEU2 and LacZ) under the control of LexA operators. Cells were spread on selective plates (His−, Leu−, and Trp−) and grown for 3 days. Single clones were grown on selective plates in patches and harvested after 2–3 days. To recover DNA from yeast, cells were resuspended in 50 μl of STES (0.5m NaCl, 0.2 m Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 0.01m EDTA, 1% SDS). Glass beads were added and the cells vortexed vigorously. After addition of 20 μl of H2O and 60 μl of phenol/chloroform, cells were vortexed for 1 more min and centrifuged (14,000 × g, 5 min). The aqueous phase was collected, and the DNA was precipitated with ethanol. DNA from positive clones was retransformed into DH5α and checked by DNA sequencing. Yeast mating was performed after transformation of LexA plasmids into the yeast strain YM4271 following the instructions in the MATCHMAKER manual (CLONTECH). GST fusion plasmids of DAB1 and FE65 have been described previously (2Trommsdorff M. Borg J.P. Margolis B. Herz J. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 33556-33560Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar). Positive clones derived from the yeast two-hybrid screen were cloned into pGEX-4T1 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) using the flankingEcoRI and XhoI restriction sites and verified by sequencing. Fusion proteins were expressed in BL21 or BL21 codon+ bacteria (Stratagene) following induction by 1 mmisopropyl-thio-d-galactopyranoside for 5 h. Proteins were recovered by Triton lysis (PBS with 1% Triton X-100, and Protease Inhibitor mixture) and purified using glutathione-agarose beads. Liver and kidney membrane extracts from 129 SVJ mice were prepared as described previously (15Kowal R.C. Herz J. Weisgraber K.H. Mahley R.W. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 10771-10779Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Lysates were incubated with 50 μl of glutathione-agarose and 10 μg of the respective purified GST fusion protein for 6 h at 4 °C. Glutathione beads were washed rapidly three times in 150 mmNaCl, 10 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 2 mm each MgCl2, CaCl2, and MnCl2 for 10 min. SDS sample buffer was added to the supernatant or beads. Proteins were separated by electrophoresis on 4% (for Megalin) and 8% (for LRP) SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions and analyzed by immunoblotting using specific antibodies (11Willnow T.E. Hilpert J. Armstrong S.A. Rohlmann A. Hammer R.E. Burns D.K. Herz J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 8460-8464Crossref PubMed Scopus (424) Google Scholar, 13Herz J. Hamann U. Rogne S. Myklebost O. Gausepohl H. Stanley K.K. EMBO J. 1988; 7: 4119-4127Crossref PubMed Scopus (848) Google Scholar) and ECL detection. Templates used for in situhybridization were amplified from mouse cDNA clones for LRP, Megalin, and apoER2, and from the yeast-two-hybrid clones using the pB42AD2 primer in combination with primers specific for individual interacting clone (meg8, Semcap-1; meg11, Jip-1; meg20, Jip-2). PCR products were cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO or pCRII-TOPO (Invitrogen) and sequenced. For each labeling reaction, 0.5 μg of linearized template was transcribed using T7 RNA polymerase (Ambion, TX) and 100 μCi of [α-33P]UTP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). To determine the expression pattern of apoER2, LRP, Megalin, SEMCAP-1, JIP-1, and JIP-2, in situ hybridizations on sagittal sections of wild type mouse embryos at day 13.5 postcoitum were performed as described previously (3Trommsdorff M. Gotthardt M. Hiesberger T. Shelton J. Stockinger W. Nimpf J. Hammer R.E. Richardson J.A. Herz J. Cell. 1999; 97: 689-701Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1106) Google Scholar). Animal use had been reviewed and approved by the University of Texas Southwestern Institutional Review Committee for animal use. Briefly, embryos were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 5-μm intervals. After removal of paraffin and rehydration slides were treated with Pronase (20 μg/ml Pronase for 7.5 min) and acetylated (0.1 m triethanolamine HCl, pH 7.5, 0.25% acetic anhydride for 5 min). Slides were hybridized for 12 h at 55 °C in a solution containing 50% formamide, 0.3% dextran sulfate, 1× Denhardt's solution, 0.5 mg/ml tRNA, and 7.5 × 106 cpm/ml riboprobe. After hybridization, slides were washed in 5× SSC, 100 mm DTT at 65 °C for 30 min, and covered with K.5 nuclear emulsion (Ilford) before exposure at 4 °C for 21 to 35 days. Cell lines containing the wild type LDL receptor (TR715-19) and the LDL receptor containing a stop codon in the cytoplasmic domain at position 807 (TR807-3) have been published previously (16Van Driel I.R. Goldstein J.L. Sudhof T.C. Brown M.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 17443-17449Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 17Chen W.-J. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 3116-3123Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The plasmid pcDNA3.1/ZEO DAB555 contains the mouse Dab1 cDNA under control of the cytomegalovirus promoter in the pcDNA3.1/ZEO(+) vector (Invitrogen) and was used to create DAB1 overexpressing cell lines derived from TR715-19 and TR807-3, designated TR 3097 and TR 3098, respectively. Multiple clones were generated after transfection and Zeocin selection and analyzed for levels of LDLR and DAB1 expression by immunoblotting using specific antibodies and ECL detection. All cell lines were maintained in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium, supplemented with 5% (v/v) fetal calf serum (Life Technologies, Inc.) and penicillin/streptomycin. For uptake, binding, and degradation assays, the cells were plated in 6-well plates at a cell density of 60,000 cells/well in Medium A (1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's minimal essential medium and Ham's F-12 medium) supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin sulfate, and with 5% (v/v) fetal calf serum. On day 2, the cells were washed twice with PBS and refed with Medium A containing 5% (v/v) newborn calf lipoprotein-deficient serum, 10 μmcompactin, and 100 μm mevalonate. On day 3 the cells were washed twice with PBS and switched to Medium B (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (minus glutamine) containing 2 mg/ml fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin) containing 2 μg/ml 125I-LDL. After 1, 3, and 5 h, the medium and the cells were harvested, and specific surface binding, uptake, and degradation were measured as described previously (17Chen W.-J. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 3116-3123Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). To identify other adaptor proteins besides DAB1 and FE65 that interact with the cytoplasmic tails of LDL receptor family members, we performed a series of yeast two-hybrid screens of various tail bait constructs against a panel of commercially available libraries (described under “Experimental Procedures”). A list of the genes that were identified in these screens and that survived specificity testing are shown in Table I. Most of these genes have known functions that are related to cell adhesion, cell activation, reorganization of the cytoskeleton, and neurotransmission. DAB1 has previously been shown to bind to the cytoplasmic tails of LDL receptor family members (2Trommsdorff M. Borg J.P. Margolis B. Herz J. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 33556-33560Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar, 3Trommsdorff M. Gotthardt M. Hiesberger T. Shelton J. Stockinger W. Nimpf J. Hammer R.E. Richardson J.A. Herz J. Cell. 1999; 97: 689-701Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1106) Google Scholar). JIP-1 and JIP-2 are scaffolding proteins for components of the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway (18Yasuda J. Whitmarsh A.J. Cavanagh J. Sharma M. Davis R.J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999; 19: 7245-7254Crossref PubMed Scopus (410) Google Scholar), and JIP-1 was recently shown to also interact with p190 rhoGEF (19Meyer D. Liu A. Margolis B. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 35113-35118Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar). SEMCAP-1 is an adaptor protein that can bind to the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins such as SEMF (20Wang L.H. Kalb R.G. Strittmatter S.M. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 14137-14146Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar) and LDL receptor family members (this study) but also to the cytoplasmic and membrane-associated RGS protein GAIP (21De Vries L. Lou X. Zhao G. Zheng B. Farquhar M.G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 12340-12345Crossref PubMed Scopus (190) Google Scholar). MINT2, or X11-like, is another scaffold protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of the amyloid precursor protein via its PTB domain and is associated with neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (22McLoughlin D.M. Irving N.G. Brownlees J. Brion J.P. Leroy K. Miller C.C. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999; 11: 1988-1994Crossref PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar). CAPON is a PTB domain-containing adaptor protein that was shown to bind neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) and is thought to dislodge nNOS from the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95, thus inactivating the enzyme (23Jaffrey S.R. Snowman A.M. Eliasson M.J. Cohen N.A. Snyder S.H. Neuron. 1998; 20: 115-124Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (311) Google Scholar). PSD-95, a scaffolding protein that organizes active components of the postsynaptic neurotransmission machinery such as glutamate receptors, potassium channels, kinases, and nNOS into functional microdomains (24Sheng M. Pak D.T. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1999; 868: 483-493Crossref PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar) was also found to interact directly with LDL receptor family tails. Although it does not contain a PTB domain, the integrin cytoplasmic domain associated protein-1 (ICAP-1) binds to an NPXY sequence motif in the integrin tail (25Zhang X.A. Hemler M.E. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 11-19Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar, 26Chang D.D. Wong C. Smith H. Liu J. J. Cell Biol. 1997; 138: 1149-1157Crossref PubMed Scopus (154) Google Scholar) and thus presumably also to the NPXY motifs that are present in the cytoplasmic tails of all LDL receptor family members (2Trommsdorff M. Borg J.P. Margolis B. Herz J. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 33556-33560Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar). OMP25 is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that contains a PDZ domain and thereby interacts with the inositol phosphatase synaptojanin, a protein thought to be involved in the recycling of synaptic vesicles (27Nemoto Y. De Camilli P. EMBO J. 1999; 18: 2991-3006Crossref PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar). Another protein that is homologous to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-kinase and therefore is presumably involved in inositol metabolism was also identified in our screen. A close homologue of the cytoskeletal protein Talin, the α subunit of the brain-specific sodium channel 3 and APC10, a component of the anaphase promoting complex also bound to LDL receptor family tails by yeast-two-hybrid interaction.Table IIdentification of proteins that interact with cytoplasmic domains of the LDL receptor gene familyNameClonesIndependentInsert sizeFunction/pathwaySEMCAP-1521500G-protein signaling? Vesicular trafficking?JIP-1221300MAP kinase scaffoldPSD-9531600Synaptic organizationJIP-2211300MAP kinase scaffoldTalin homologue211500CytoskeletonOMP25221500Cytoskeletal attachmentCAPON111200NO signalingDAB1113000Neuronal migrationICAP-121800Integrin signalingMINT2211500Synaptic vesicle dockingPIP4,5-Kinase homologue21700UnknownSodium channel brain 311900Ion channelAPC subunit 10211000Cell divisionVarious complete and truncated cytoplasmic domains of the LDLR gene family were used to screen yeast two-hybrid libraries. Positive clones contained protein sequences that relate LRP and Megalin to signal transduction via kinases, G-proteins, ion channels, NO, the cytoskeleton, and synapses. PIP4,5-kinase indicates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-kinase. Open table in a new tab Various complete and truncated cytoplasmic domains of the LDLR gene family were used to screen yeast two-hybrid libraries. Positive clones contained protein sequences that relate LRP and Megalin to signal transduction via kinases, G-proteins, ion channels, NO, the cytoskeleton, and synapses. PIP4,5-kinase indicates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-kinase. Next, we determined the binding specificity of each of the proteins that had been identified in the initial screens against a panel of bait constructs containing the whole or part of the cytoplasmic tails of the presently known LDL receptor family members. The tail sequences contained in these bait constructs are shown in Fig.1 A. The apoER2 tail was tested with (+) and without (−) its alternatively spliced insert. For Megalin and for LRP the complete tails and parts thereof containing a single NPXY motif were tested separately. DAB1 bound strongly to all the LDL receptor family tails but only to one of the NPXY motifs in the LRP and Megalin tail (LRPB and MegA, respectively). LRP and Megalin have the longest cytoplasmic tails that contain several potential adaptor binding motifs and thus bound most of the proteins. In contrast, the LDL receptor and the VLDL receptor bound only DAB1, as noted previously (2Trommsdorff M. Borg J.P. Margolis B. Herz J. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 33556-33560Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar, 3Trommsdorff M. Gotthardt M. Hiesberger T. Shelton J. Stockinger W. Nimpf J. Hammer R.E. Richardson J.A. Herz J. Cell. 1999; 97: 689-701Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1106) Google Scholar). Interestingly, the apoER2 tail containing the alternatively spliced insert bound the scaffold proteins JIP-1, JIP-2, and PSD-95, whereas the tail without this insert did not. This suggests that the alternative splicing of the apoER2 tail has important regulatory functions and may determine the ability of apoER2 to activate MAP kinase-dependent signals. A detailed account of the binding properties of JIP-1 and JIP-2 to the apoER2 tail and the importance of the alternatively spliced insert is given in the accompanying paper by Stockinger et al. (38Stockinger W. Brandes C. Fasching D. Hermann M. Gotthardt M. Herz J. Schneider W.J. Nimpf J. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 25625-25632Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (218) Google Scholar). Next, we sought to determine whether the protein interactions we had found in the yeast two-hybrid screen could be reproduced by a different approach, such as a biochemical pulldown assay (Fig. 2). The respective cDNA fragments were cut out from the yeast prey vector and cloned into a bacterial GST expression vector. GST fusion proteins were incubated with membrane extracts from liver (LRP) and kidney (Megalin). GST alone (lane 1) served as a negative control, and DAB1 (lane 12) and FE65 (lane 13) served as positive controls for interactions of fusion proteins with LRP. Binding of FE65 was specific for LRP (lane 13), and DAB1 bound to both receptors, consistent with the two-hybrid results (Fig. 1 B). All other fusion proteins tested, with the exception of the Talin homologue (lane 6) and MINT2 (lane 10), bound to both native Megalin and LRP in membrane extracts, although the interaction of either tail with CAPON (lane 8) was weak in this assay. There were also some quantitative differences in the strength with whi