Nitrogen fixation takes place in root nodules which involves bacterial colonization, organogenesis and nitrogen fixation. Investigations related to global analysis of miRNAs mediated regulation of symbiosis in crop plants is limited. To gain a deeper insight into the miRNAs regulating gene cascade during chickpea nodulation an Illumina sequencing of miRNA library from roots subjected to infection with Mesorhizobium ciceri was sequenced. Using stringent criteria of miRNA annotation, a set of 91 miRNAs were identified that comprised of 84 conserved, 7 novel miRNAs with 9 pairs being polycistronic. Further, eighteen legume specific and 13 chickpea specific miRNAs were also obtained that may have specific roles in symbiosis. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis of the precursor sequences revealed clustering of distinct miRNAs representing a close ancestry. In silico analysis also established 3 different mode of biogenesis of miRNAs. Mapping of miRNA reads to bacterial genomes helped to predict bacterial smallRNAs that may be putatively regulating host genes. Further for identification of in-vivo targets of miRNAs, 4 degradome libraries were sequenced. Analysis revealed 245 target transcripts that were specifically cleaved during nodule stages, with a significant number being transcription factors. qRT-PCR based expression profiling in different chickpea tissues was carried out to validate the antagonistic expression of the miRNA-target pairs. For functional characterization, 4 miRNAs, miR171f, miR172c, miR394 and miR1509, were ectopically expressed in chickpea roots by hairy root transformation that resulted in significant changes in nodule numbers. Results indicated the roles of miR171f, miR394 and miR1509 in regulating novel targets Nodulation receptor kinase, Histidine phosphotransferase and Adenylalte kinase respectively being reported for the first time that may be the key regulators of chickpea nodulation. This study not only provides an overview of the miRNAs and their targets involved in chickpea-rhizobia symbiosis but also provides several leads into novel and nodule specific miRNAs and their targets for further investigation.