The compound U0126 (1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-aminophenylthio]butadiene) was identified as an inhibitor of AP-1 transactivation in a cell-based reporter assay. U0126 was also shown to inhibit endogenous promoters containing AP-1 response elements but did not affect genes lacking an AP-1 response element in their promoters. These effects of U0126 result from direct inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase family members, MEK-1 and MEK-2. Inhibition is selective for MEK-1 and -2, as U0126 shows little, if any, effect on the kinase activities of protein kinase C, Abl, Raf, MEKK, ERK, JNK, MKK-3, MKK-4/SEK, MKK-6, Cdk2, or Cdk4. Comparative kinetic analysis of U0126 and the MEK inhibitor PD098059 (Dudley, D. T., Pang, L., Decker, S. J., Bridges, A. J., and Saltiel, A. R. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U. S. A.92, 7686–7689) demonstrates that U0126 and PD098059 are noncompetitive inhibitors with respect to both MEK substrates, ATP and ERK. We further demonstrate that the two compounds bind to ΔN3-S218E/S222D MEK in a mutually exclusive fashion, suggesting that they may share a common or overlapping binding site(s). Quantitative evaluation of the steady state kinetics of MEK inhibition by these compounds reveals that U0126 has approximately 100-fold higher affinity for ΔN3-S218E/S222D MEK than does PD098059. We further tested the effects of these compounds on the activity of wild type MEK isolated after activation from stimulated cells. Surprisingly, we observe a significant diminution in affinity of both compounds for wild type MEK as compared with the ΔN3-S218E/S222D mutant enzyme. These results suggest that the affinity of both compounds is mediated by subtle conformational differences between the two activated MEK forms. The MEK affinity of U0126, its selectivity for MEK over other kinases, and its cellular efficacy suggest that this compound will serve as a powerful tool for in vitro and cellular investigations of mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction. The compound U0126 (1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-aminophenylthio]butadiene) was identified as an inhibitor of AP-1 transactivation in a cell-based reporter assay. U0126 was also shown to inhibit endogenous promoters containing AP-1 response elements but did not affect genes lacking an AP-1 response element in their promoters. These effects of U0126 result from direct inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase family members, MEK-1 and MEK-2. Inhibition is selective for MEK-1 and -2, as U0126 shows little, if any, effect on the kinase activities of protein kinase C, Abl, Raf, MEKK, ERK, JNK, MKK-3, MKK-4/SEK, MKK-6, Cdk2, or Cdk4. Comparative kinetic analysis of U0126 and the MEK inhibitor PD098059 (Dudley, D. T., Pang, L., Decker, S. J., Bridges, A. J., and Saltiel, A. R. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U. S. A.92, 7686–7689) demonstrates that U0126 and PD098059 are noncompetitive inhibitors with respect to both MEK substrates, ATP and ERK. We further demonstrate that the two compounds bind to ΔN3-S218E/S222D MEK in a mutually exclusive fashion, suggesting that they may share a common or overlapping binding site(s). Quantitative evaluation of the steady state kinetics of MEK inhibition by these compounds reveals that U0126 has approximately 100-fold higher affinity for ΔN3-S218E/S222D MEK than does PD098059. We further tested the effects of these compounds on the activity of wild type MEK isolated after activation from stimulated cells. Surprisingly, we observe a significant diminution in affinity of both compounds for wild type MEK as compared with the ΔN3-S218E/S222D mutant enzyme. These results suggest that the affinity of both compounds is mediated by subtle conformational differences between the two activated MEK forms. The MEK affinity of U0126, its selectivity for MEK over other kinases, and its cellular efficacy suggest that this compound will serve as a powerful tool for in vitro and cellular investigations of mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction. Glucocorticoid hormones have been used clinically for over 40 years, and their pharmacological benefits, as well as detriments, have been extensively reviewed (1Baxter J.D. Pharmacol. Ther. 1976; 2: 605-659Google Scholar, 2Parrillo J.E. Fauci A.S. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1979; 19: 179-201Crossref PubMed Scopus (346) Google Scholar, 3Ringold G.M. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1985; 25: 529-566Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 4Cato A.C.B. Ponta H. Herrlich P. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 1992; 43PubMed Google Scholar, 5Behrens T.W. Goodwin J.S. McCarty D.J. Arthritis and Allied Conditions. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia1989: 604-612Google Scholar). Mechanistically, glucocorticoids have been shown to act by binding to intracellular glucocorticoid receptors (GR). 1The abbreviations used are: GR, glucocorticoid receptors; GRE, glucocorticoid response element(s); MAP, mitogen-activated protein; MAPK, MAP kinase; MEK, MAP kinase kinase; MEKK, MEK kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; Tricine,N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine; DTT, dithiothreitol; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; TRE, TPA response element; GST, glutathione S-transferase; FCS, fetal calf serum; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PHA, phytohemaglutinin; IL, interleukin; ATF, activating transcription factor; BSA, bovine serum albumin, CHAPS, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid. The glucocorticoid·GR complex once formed migrates to the nucleus and interacts with specific target sequences known as glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in gene promoters resulting in enhanced transcriptional activity. This feature of steroid hormone/receptor interaction is shared with a family of other hormones and effector molecules and their receptors which characterizes the steroid-thyroid receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors (6Gehring U. Biochem. Sci. 1987; 12: 399-402Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (33) Google Scholar, 7Fuller P.J. FASEB J. 1991; 5: 3099-3902Crossref Scopus (172) Google Scholar, 8Mangelsdorf D.J. Thummel C. Beato M. Herrlich P. Schutz G. Umesono K. Blumberg B. Kastner P. Mark M. Chambon P. Evans R.M. Cell. 1995; 83: 385-839Google Scholar). Although steroids have diverse effects on metabolism, their clinical utility is derived from their potent anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory properties that result from inhibition of cytokine, adhesion molecule, and metalloproteinase gene expression (9Brattsand R. Linden M. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1996; 10: 81-90Crossref PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar, 10Schroen D.J. Brinckerhoff C.E. Gene Expr. 1996; 6: 197-207PubMed Google Scholar, 11Cato A.C.B. Wade E. BioEssays. 1996; 18: 371-378Crossref PubMed Scopus (299) Google Scholar). The ability of steroid hormones to suppress transcription of key inflammatory and immune response genes is mediated through a mechanism distinct from GRE binding, however. Antagonism of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κB, which are important regulators of immune response genes, has been demonstrated in numerous laboratories and is proposed to be the primary mechanism for the anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive effects of steroids (11Cato A.C.B. Wade E. BioEssays. 1996; 18: 371-378Crossref PubMed Scopus (299) Google Scholar). This functional antagonism or transrepression of transcription factors by the GR is due to a direct protein/protein interaction between the activated GR and the components of the AP-1 and NF-κB complexes. These findings have led to the notion that the anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory properties of steroids might be due solely to protein/protein interactions between the GR and various transcription factors, whereas the side effects of steroid hormones may be mediated through classical GR/GRE interactions (12Herrlich P. Ponta H. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 1994; 5: 341-346Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar). Indeed, if this were the case, we envisioned that an agent that could selectively activate the GR to provide for functional antagonism of AP-1 and NF-κB without affecting GRE activation would be an ideal anti-inflammatory agent. Therefore, we set out to identify agents that could discriminate these GR activities using reporter gene assays in transfected cells. Herein, we report the results of these studies. Although we did not identify an agent that functionally antagonizes AP-1 gene transcription without affecting GRE transactivation through GR interaction, we did identify an agent that inhibited AP-1 independent of the GR. U0126 was identified as a cellular AP-1 antagonist. Mechanistically, U0126 did not prevent DNA binding by AP-1 rather it suppressed the up-regulation of c-Fos and c-Jun mRNA and protein levels in activated cells. Detailed investigation of the signaling cascades leading to c-Fos and c-Jun induction determined that U0126 was an inhibitor of the dual specificity kinase, MAP kinase kinase (MEK). This inhibition appeared to be selective as U0126 did not affect the kinase activity of protein kinase C, Abl, Raf, MEKK, ERK, JNK, MKK3, MKK6, Cdk2, or Cdk4. Another compound, PD098059, has recently been reported to also function as a selective inhibitor of MEK activity in vitro and in cellular assays (13Dudley D.T. Pang L. Decker S.J. Bridges A.J. Saltiel A.R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 7689-7868Crossref Scopus (2599) Google Scholar). In vitro steady state kinetic and equilibrium binding studies of both compounds with MEK reveal that their mode of inhibition is noncompetitive with respect to both substrates and that these two inhibitors share a common or overlapping binding site(s). Thus, both compounds are selective MAP kinase signaling cascade inhibitors and represent starting points for the identification and optimization of potent and pharmacologically useful MEK inhibitors. COS-7 cells were cultured at 5% CO2at 37 °C in DMEM:F12 medium (Life Technologies, Inc.) plus 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone Labs, Inc.), 0.1 mm minimum Eagle's medium non-essential amino acids (Life Technologies, Inc.), 1 mm minimum Eagle's medium sodium pyruvate solution (Life Technologies, Inc.), and l-glutamine 500 mg/liter. The cells were trypsinized and washed twice with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline without CaCl2 and MgCl2 and resuspended in Opti-MEM 1 medium (Life Technologies, Inc.). COS-7 cells (8 × 106 cells) were transiently transfected by the electroporation method (150 V, 500 microfarads, Bio-Rad electroporator) with either the AP-1 response element (2× TRE-luciferase) or the glucocorticoid response element (Pmam-neo-luciferase) plus human glucocorticoid receptor and RSV-β-galactosidase (provided by M. Karin, University of California, San Diego). Twenty-four hours later, cells were treated with 10 ng/ml PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, Life Technologies, Inc.) with and without 10 μm compound (in triplicate) in 1% final concentration dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) (Sigma). The cells were incubated for an additional 24 h before harvesting for luciferase activity and β-galactosidase activity. The cells were lysed (Lysis Buffer, 25 mm Tris-P04, pH 7.6, 8 mm MgCl2, 1 mm EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 1% bovine serum albumin, 15% glycerol) for 10 min at room temperature. Cell lysate (50 μl/well) was transferred to a 96-well luminometer plate (Microlite 2, Dynatech Laboratories, Inc.) to which 100 μl of luciferase substrate reagent was added (20 mmTricine, 2.7 mm MgSO4, 0.1 mm EDTA, 1.1 mm MgCO3, 0.5 mm ATP, 0.27 mm coenzyme A, 0.47 mm luciferin, 33.3 mm dithiothreitol (DTT), pH 7.8). Luciferase activity was immediately determined using a Dynatech ML3000 luminometer. Chlorophenol red-β-d-galactopyranoside (Boehringer Mannheim) 22 μl/well was added to the remaining cell lysate, and β-galactosidase activity was determined after approximately 1 h at room temperature using a Molecular Devices UVmaxmicroplate kinetic reader at 570 nm. All AP-1 suppression data are expressed relative to the PMA control. All GRE activation is compared relative to dexamethasone. The effect of U0126 on a promoter containing multiple inducible elements was examined in transient transfection assays using a human renin promoter-luciferase reporter construct, RP5′-luc. RP5′-luc was constructed by subcloning a 1.2-kilobase pair fragment (−1245 to +36) of the human renin promoter 5′-untranslated region that contains both cAMP response elements and AP-1 response elements (TRE) (14Burt D.W. Nakamura N. Kelley P. Dzau V.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 7357-7362Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) into the NheI andBglII sites of pGL2-basic (Promega, Madison, WI) and was kindly provided by Dr. Gwen Wise (DuPont Merck). COS-7 cells were transiently cotransfected with 20 μg of RP5′-luciferase and 2 μg of human GR as described above. The transfected cells were plated in 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h at 5% CO2, 37 °C before being treated with 10 ng/ml PMA or 1 mm N-6 2′-O-dibutyryladenosine 3′,5′ cyclic monophosphate (Bucladesine; dibutyryl cyclic AMP, sodium salt) (Sigma) ± compound. After an additional 24-h incubation, the luciferase activity was measured as described above. Jurkat cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium (Life Technologies, Inc.) plus 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone Labs, Inc.). Cells (1 × 107) were stimulated with 50 ng/ml PMA and 2 μg/ml PHA (phytohemaglutinin, Murex Biotech Ltd.) for 15 min at 37 °C. Drug-treated cells received U0126 at a final concentration of 10 μm in 0.1% Me2SO immediately prior to stimulation. Control cells received an equal amount of Me2SO. Cells were centrifuged at 1000 rpm, washed once with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), resuspended in 1 ml of ice-cold RIPA buffer (1× PBS, 1% (v/v) Nonidet P-40, 0.5% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% (w/v) SDS, 0.1 mg/ml phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)), and disrupted through a 21-gauge needle. Cellular debris was pelleted at 14,000 × g, and supernatant was incubated with 1 μg of the appropriate antibody (c-Raf-1(c-12), MEK-1(c-18), ERK-2(c-14) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) on a rocking platform at 4 °C. After 1 h, 40 μl of a protein-A agarose slurry was added, and tubes were rocked for another 2 h. Agarose beads were pelleted by centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 5 min, washed 3 times with RIPA buffer, and then once with 20 mmHepes, pH 7.0, buffer. Immunoprecipitates were resuspended in 25 μl of kinase assay buffer (20 mm Hepes, pH 7.0, 5 mm 2-mercaptoethanol, 10 mmMgCl2, 0.1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin), containing 1 μg of His-MEK-1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), 5 μg of glutathioneS-transferase (GST)-(K71A)ERK-1 (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., eluted from agarose beads with 10 mm glutathione), or 3 μg of myelin basic protein (Upstate Biotechnology) for Raf, MEK, and ERK kinase assays, respectively. Kinase reactions were initiated by the addition of 10 μm ATP plus 10 μCi of [γ-33P]ATP (NEN Life Science Products) and incubated at 25 °C for 30 min. Reactions were terminated by the addition of Laemmli SDS sample buffer, boiled for 5 min, electrophoresed on a 10% Tris glycine gel (Novex), dried, and analyzed using a Molecular Dynamics PhosphorImager. COS-7 cells were seeded in 60-mm dishes at 30,000 cells/cm2 in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Life Technologies, Inc.) plus 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone Labs, Inc.). Cells were pretreated with compound in Me2SO (1% final concentration) for 15 min and then stimulated with 10 ng/ml PMA for 15 additional min. Cells were washed once with cold PBS, lysed with cold lysis buffer (10 mm Tris, pH 7.2, 150 mmNaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 1 mm PMSF, 50 mm sodium fluoride, 1 mm sodium orthovanadate, 50 μg/ml aprotinin, and 50 μg/ml leupeptin), scraped from the plate, and centrifuged. Supernatants were assayed for protein using Bio-Rad DC-protein assay kit. Protein samples (20 μg) were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 10% Tris-Tricine gels (Novex). Protein was electrotransferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and probed with a polyclonal phosphospecific antibody against ERK (New England Biolabs). Detection of bands was carried out according to the manufacturer's protocol and analyzed on Molecular Dynamics Personal Densitometer. For the experiments to determine the effects of U0126 on Fos and Jun protein expression, 3T3-type fibroblasts were plated in 100-mm dishes in DMEM, 10% FCS, and when they reached confluency were serum-starved for 72 h in DMEM, 0.5% FCS. The cultures were then stimulated with 50 ng/ml TPA, 10% FCS in the presence or absence of compound for various lengths of time. Compounds were added to give a final concentration of 0.1% Me2SO. At the end of the incubation period, nuclear extracts were prepared as follows. The cells were trypsinized, washed twice in cold PBS, and resuspended in 100 μl of Buffer 1 (10 mm Hepes, pH 7.9, 60 mm KCl, 1 mm EDTA, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 1 mm DTT, and 1 mm PMSF). After 5 min on ice, the samples were centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 5 min, and the pellet was resuspended in 100 μl of Buffer 2 (10 mm Hepes, pH 7.9, 60 mm KCl, 1 mm EDTA, 1 mm DTT, and 1 mm PMSF). The samples were centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 5 min, and the pellet was resuspended in 100 μl of Buffer 3 (250 mm Tris, pH 7.8, 60 mm KCl, 1 mm DTT, 1 mm PMSF). After three freeze/thaw cycles, the samples were centrifuged at 9,000 rpm for 15 min, and the supernatant was saved as the nuclear extract. Ten μg of this extract was analyzed by Western blot as described above using antibodies specific for c-Jun, c-Fos, and SP-1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). cDNA encoding a constitutively active form of MEK-1 (ΔN3-S218E/S222D) (N. Ahn, University of Colorado, Boulder) was recloned into pGEX-2T to express it as a GST fusion protein. Wild type forms of ERK1, p38, JNK1, and MKK-3 were cloned from a mixture of mRNA from human Jurkat, HeLa, and Raji cell lines by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Wild type MEK-2 was cloned by PCR from a cDNA clone (K. Guan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor). Wild type SEK-1 was cloned from a mixture of mRNA made by reverse transcriptase-PCR from EL4, 7023, and WEHI265 mouse cell lines. Wild type MKK-6 was cloned from human skeletal cDNA (CLONTECH). The catalytic domain of MEKK, consisting of amino acids 353–673, was cloned from mouse spleen cDNA (CLONTECH). A truncated form of c-Jun consisting of amino acids 1–108 was cloned from the full-length c-Jun cDNA. The wild type form of ATF-2 was cloned from fetal brain cDNA (CLONTECH). The primers used for the cloning described above were as follows: 5′MEK1, CGATGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGCCGACG; 3′MEK1, CGATCTCGAGTTAGACGCCAGCAGCATG; 5′MEK2, CGATGGATCCAACCTGGTGGACCTGCAG; 3′MEK2, CGATGAATTCTCACACGGCGGTGCGCGT; 5′ERK1, TTATGGATCCGCGGCGGCGGCGGCTCAG; 3′ERK1, CGATCTCGAGCTAGGGGGCCTCCAGCAC; 5′P38, CGATGGATCCTCTCAGGAGAGGCCCACGTTC; 3′P38, CGATCTCGAGTCAGGACTCCATCTCTTCTTG; 5′JNK1, CGATGGATCCAGCAGAAGCAAGCGTGAC; 3′JNK1, CGATCTCGAGTCACTGCTGCACCTGTGC; 5′MKK3, GCATCTCGAGTCCAAGCCACCCGCACCCAAC; 3′MKK3, GCATGAATTCCTATGAGTCTTCTCCCAGGATC; 5′SEK, TAATGGATCCGCGGCTCCGAGCCCGAGC; 3′SEK, CGATCTCGAGTCAGTCGACATACATGGG; 5′MKK6, GCATGGATCCTCTCAGTCGAAAGGCAAG; 3′MKK6, GCATCTCGAGTTAGTCTCCAAGAATCAG; 5′MEKK, CGATGGATCCATGGCGATGTCAGCGTCTCAG; 3′MEKK, CGATCTCGAGCTACCACGTGGTACGGAAGAC; 5′JUN, CGATGGATCCACTGCAAAGATGGAAACG; 3′JUN, CGATGAATTCTCACTCCTGCTCATCTGTCACGTTC; 5′ATF, CGATGGATCCAAATTCAAGTTACATGTGAATTCTGCC; 3′ATF,CGATCTCGAGTCAAAGAGGGGATAAATCTAGAGG. The following mutants were then generated by site-directed mutagenesis using PCR: kinase inactive ERK-1(K71A), constitutively active MEK-2(S222E/S226D), MKK-3(S189E/T193D), and MKK-6(S207E/T211E). All of the above cDNAs were cloned into pGEX-2T (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), and expressed as GST fusion proteins in Escherichia coli BL-21 cells and purified on glutathione beads according to the manufacturer's directions. The amount of immunoprecipitated wild type MEK used in these assays was adjusted to give a similar amount of activity units as obtained with 10 nm recombinant MEK (see below). All other assays were performed with a recombinant, constitutively activated mutant MEK-1 (ΔN3-S218E/S222D) or constitutively active MEK-2(S222E/S226D). Reaction velocities were measured using a 96-well nitrocellulose filter apparatus (Millipore, Bedford, MA) as described below. Unless otherwise noted, reactions were carried out at an enzyme concentration of 10 nm, in 20 mm Hepes, 10 mm MgCl2, 5 mm β-mercaptoethanol, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, pH 7.4, at room temperature. Reactions were initiated by the addition of [γ-33P]ATP into the premixed MEK/ERK/inhibitor reaction mixture, and an aliquot of 100 μl was taken every 6 min and transferred to the 96-well nitrocellulose membrane plate which had 50 mm EDTA to stop the reaction. The membrane plate was drawn and washed 4 times with buffer (see above) under vacuum. Wells were then filled with 30 μl of Microscint-20 (Packard, Meriden, CT) scintillation fluid, and the radioactivity of33P-phosphorylated ERK was counted with a Top Count (Packard, Meriden, CT) scintillation counter. Velocities were obtained from the slopes of radioactivity versus time plots. Concentrations of ERK and ATP were 400 nm and 40 μm, respectively, unless otherwise indicated. For MKK-3 and MKK-6, a coupled assay was used in which 200 nm MKK-3(S189E/T193D) or MKK-6(S207E/T211E) was preincubated with 100 nm wild type p38 in the presence of 20 μm cold ATP with or without U0126 for 15 min. The coupled reaction was then initiated with the addition of 3 μm myelin basic protein (for MKK-3) or ATF (for MKK-6) and 2 μCi of [γ-33P]ATP. For SEK, 700 nmMEKK, 143 nm SEK, 400 nm JNK, and 1 μm c-Jun were mixed with or without compound and initiated with 10 μm ATP and 1 μCi of [γ-33P]ATP. All reactions were carried out and analyzed as described for the immune complex kinase assays. The effect of U0126 on Abl kinase activity was determined by using baculovirus expressed c-Abl. Inhibition of c-Abl autophosphorylation was measured. Effects of U0126 on Cdk2 and Cdk4 were determined using recombinant proteins as described (15Carlson B.A. Dubay M.M. Sausville E.A. Brizuela L. Worland P.J. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 2973-2978PubMed Google Scholar). For all of the in vitro enzyme assays, the percent inhibition was calculated 100 (1 −Vi/Vo) whereVi and Vo are the initial reaction velocities in the presence and absence of inhibitor, respectively. The data were then plotted as percent inhibition as a function of inhibitor concentration and fit, by nonlinear least squares regression, to the standard equation for a Langmuir isotherm to determine the IC50. As reported, enzyme concentrations were based upon molecular weights and mass of protein used in the final assay volume and not on active site titration. Thus, the actual enzyme active site concentration may differ from that reported. To determine whether U0126 and PD098059 could displace one another from MEK, we performed displacement experiments with 3H-labeled U0126 by equilibrium dialysis (16Bell J.E. Bell E.T. Proteins and Enzymes. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ1988: 378-399Google Scholar). Dialysis was performed with a 10-kDa cut-off Slide-A-Lyzer dialysis cassettes (Pierce). The cassette contained 0.5 ml of a 1 μm ΔN3-S218E/S222D MEK solution (in reaction buffer plus 400 μm ATP and 0.1 mg/ml BSA, see above). Mixtures were dialyzed at room temperature for 4 h against 100 ml of 0.2 μm [3H]U0126 and varying concentrations of PD098059, in the same buffer system. A dialysis time of 4 h was chosen because experiments in which [3H]U0126 was dialyzed against buffer only established that this amount of time was sufficient to reach equilibrium. At the end of dialysis the amount of [3H]U0126 inside and outside the dialysis cassette was quantified by scintillation counting. Control experiments were performed in the same fashion with BSA, but not MEK, present in the dialysis cassette. Only low levels of compound binding to BSA were detected, and the MEK data were corrected for this nonspecific binding. An immortalized 3T3-type cell line derived from mouse embryonic fibroblasts was used for these studies (17Hu E. Mueller E. Olivero S. Papaioannou V.E. Johnson R. Spiegelman B.M. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 3094-3103Crossref PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar). The cells were plated in 100-mm2 dishes in DMEM, 10% FCS and when they reached confluency were serum-starved for 48 h in DMEM, 0.5% FCS. The cultures were then stimulated with 100 ng/ml TPA, 10% FCS in the presence or absence of compound for 8 h. Compounds were added to give a final concentration of 0.1% Me2SO. Total RNA was isolated using RNA-ZolB(Tel-Test Inc., Friendswood, TX), and Northern blots were performed as described (17Hu E. Mueller E. Olivero S. Papaioannou V.E. Johnson R. Spiegelman B.M. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 3094-3103Crossref PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar) using 10 μg of RNA/lane. The blots were probed with digoxigenin-labeled cDNA probes for full-length murine MMP-1, c-Fos, c-Jun, or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase according to the manufacturer's instructions (Boehringer Mannheim). For effects on IL-2 mRNA levels, Jurkat cells were stimulated with 100 ng/ml PMA and 1 μg/ml PHA in the presence or absence of various concentrations of U0126. RNA was isolated after 4 h, and IL-2 mRNA levels were determined by Northern analysis using a digoxigenin-labeled human IL-2 cDNA as a probe. A 54-mer peptide (BBRC) containing a consensus sequence from the DNA binding region and leucine zipper dimerization motif of the Fos and Jun proteins was used. This peptide has been shown to bind to the TRE consensus site (19O'Neil K.T. Hoess R.H. Degrado W.F. Science. 1990; 249: 774-778Crossref PubMed Scopus (244) Google Scholar). The sequence of the AP-1 binding oligonucleotide used was TTATAAAGCATGACTCAGACACCTCT, which contains the TRE site from the collagenase promoter. Single-stranded oligonucleotides were 5′-end-labeled with [γ-32P]ATP using T4 kinase, purified over a Chromaspin-10 column (CLONTECH) to remove unincorporated [γ-32P]ATP, and annealed. For each reaction, 1 × 104 cpm (approximately 5 nm) of radiolabeled oligonucleotide was incubated with 15 nm BBRC peptide in a final volume of 25 μl of 1× binding buffer for 25 min at 16 °C. The binding buffer contained 12 mm Hepes, pH 7.9, 20 mm KCl, 1 mm MgCl2, 0.5 mm DTT, 0.5 mm PMSF, 12% glycerol, and 50 nm poly(dI-dC). Compounds were added to the peptide/binding buffer mixture 10 min prior to the addition of radiolabeled oligonucleotide in a 0.4% final Me2SO concentration. All reactions were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using 5% gels in 0.5× TBE buffer. FU5 BDS.1 rat hepatoma cells (20Cook P.W. Swanson K.T. Edwards C.P. Firestone G.L. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1988; 8: 1449-1459Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar) kindly provided by Gary Firestone (University of California, Berkley) were seeded at 50,000 cells/cm2 in 96-well microtiter plates and incubated overnight at 5% CO2, 37 °C in Ham's F12:DMEM nutrient mix, 10% charcoal:dextran-treated FCS (HyClone Laboratories), 10 mm Hepes, 1 mmsodium pyruvate, 1× nonessential amino acids, and 50 μg/ml gentamycin (Life Technologies, Inc.). After 24 h, compounds were added in Me2SO:media and incubated for an additional 24 h. The media were aspirated from the wells, and the cells were washed with PBS (without calcium and magnesium) before lysis with 25 μl/well 20 mm CHAPS in 0.1 mKHPO4 for 15 min. The cell lysates were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 15 min. Tyrosine aminotransferase activity was performed on the cell lysates as described (21Granner D.K. Tomkins G.M. Methods Enzymol. 1970; 17: 633-637Crossref Scopus (247) Google Scholar) with the following modifications to accommodate analysis in a 96-well plate format. Lysates (15 μl) were transferred to a 96-well plate to which 220 μl/well tyrosine aminotransferase reagent was added (150 mml-tyrosine in 0.2 mK2PO4, 5 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 1.2 mm pyridoxal-5′-phosphate, pH 7.3). α-Ketoglutarate (0.5m in 0.2 m K2PO4, pH 7.3, 8 μl/well) was added to all wells except blanks and gently mixed. The plates were covered with foil and incubated at room temperature for 5 h. NaOH (10 n) was added to all wells (15 μl/well) except blanks and mixed thoroughly. α-Ketoglutarate (0.5 m in 0.2 mK2PO4, pH 7.3) was added to the blank wells (8.0 μl/well) and mixed. The tyrosine aminotransferase activity was measured at 340 nm using a Molecular Devices UVmax kinetic plate reader. U0124, U0125, and U0126 (22Middleton W.J. Engelhardt V.A. Fisher B.S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958; 80: 2822-2829Crossref Scopus (55) Google Scholar) were prepared by the addition of a thiol to tetracyanoethane as shown in Scheme FS1. Tetracyanoethane (23Middleton W.J. Heckert R.E. Little E.L. Krespan C.G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958; 80: 2783-2788Crossref Scopus (139) Google Scholar) (6.5 g, 50 mmol) was dissolved in 20 ml of reagent grade acetone. In a separate flaskortho-aminobenzenethiol (25 g, 20 mmol) was dissolved in 50 ml of degassed 10% sodium hydroxide. The tetracyanoethane solution was added in a single portion to the sodium hydroxide solution, and the reaction mixture was vigorously stirred for 2 h, during which time an oil separated. The reaction mixture was allowed to stand for 1 h, and the solid which formed was filtered. The crude product was triturated with ethanol (2 × 50 ml) and recrystallized twice from ethanol (300 ml) and dried under vacuum, m.p. 163–165 °C.1H NMR (CD3OD) d 7.48, d, J = 7 Hz, 2H, 7.35, t, J = 7 Hz, 2H, 6.94, d,J = 7 Hz, 2H, 6.79, t, J = 7 Hz, 2H, 3.70, q, J = 7 Hz, 2H (EtOH), 1.28, t,J = 7 Hz, 2H (EtOH). The proton NMRs for each comp