Abstract Adenosine receptors, expressed across various tissues, play pivotal roles in physiological processes and are implicated in diverse diseases, including neurological disorders and inflammation, highlighting the therapeutic potential of receptor-selective agents. The Adenosine A3 receptor (A 3 R), the last identified adenosine receptor, is also activated by breakdown products of post-transcriptionally modified tRNA and exhibits dual roles in neuron, heart, and immune cells, and is often overexpressed in tumors, making it a target for anticancer therapy. Despite extensive studies on the other adenosine receptors, the structure and activation mechanism of A 3 R, especially by selective agonists like N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) and namodenoson, remained elusive. Here, we identified N 6 -isopentenyl adenosine (i 6 A), a novel A 3 R-selective ligand, via comprehensive modified adenosine library screening. Cryo-EM analyses of A 3 R-G i signaling complexes with two nonselective and three selective agonists revealed the structural basis for A 3 R activation. We further conducted structure-guided engineering of m 6 A-insensitive A 3 R, which would greatly facilitate future discoveries of the physiological functions of the selective activation of A 3 R by modified adenosines. Our results clarify the selective activation of adenosine receptors, providing the basis for future drug discovery.