Abstract The opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus causes serious infectious diseases ranging from superficial skin and soft tissue infections to necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis. While classically regarded as extracellular pathogen, S. aureus is able to invade and survive within human cells. Host cell exit is associated with cell death, tissue destruction and spread of infection. The exact molecular mechanism employed by S. aureus to escape the host cell is still unclear. In this study, we performed a genome-wide shRNA screen and identified the calcium signaling pathway to be involved in intracellular infection. S. aureus induced a massive cytosolic Ca 2+ -increase in epithelial host cells after invasion and intracellular replication of the pathogen. This was paralleled by decrease in endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -concentration. Additionally, calcium ions from the extracellular space contributed to the cytosolic Ca 2+ -increase. As a consequence, we observed that the cytoplasmic Ca 2+ -rise led to increase in mitochondrial Ca 2+ -concentration, the activation of calpains and caspases and eventually to cell lysis of S. aureus -infected cells. Our study therefore suggests that intracellular S. aureus disturbs the host cell Ca 2+ -homeostasis and induces cytoplasmic Ca 2+ -overload, which results in both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in parallel or succession. Importance Despite being regarded as an extracellular bacterium, the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus can invade and survive within human cells. The intracellular niche is considered as hide-out from the host immune system and antibiotic treatment and allows bacterial proliferation. Subsequently, the intracellular bacterium induces host cell death, which may facilitate spread of infection and tissue destruction. So far, host cell factors exploited by intracellular S. aureus to promote cell death are only poorly characterized. We performed a genome-wide screen and found the calcium signaling pathway to play a role in S. aureus invasion and cytotoxicity. The intracellular bacterium induces a cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca 2+ -overload, which results in host cell death. Thus, this study firstly showed how an intracellular bacterium perturbs the host cell Ca 2+ -homeostasis.