EcologyVolume 88, Issue 1 p. 3-17 Concepts and Synthesis THE INVASION PARADOX: RECONCILING PATTERN AND PROCESS IN SPECIES INVASIONS J. D. Fridley, J. D. Fridley Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280 USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. J. Stachowicz, J. J. Stachowicz Section of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USASearch for more papers by this authorS. Naeem, S. Naeem Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. F. Sax, D. F. Sax Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2202 USASearch for more papers by this authorE. W. Seabloom, E. W. Seabloom Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2914 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. D. Smith, M. D. Smith Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106 USASearch for more papers by this authorT. J. Stohlgren, T. J. Stohlgren U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Natural Resources Ecology Lab, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. Tilman, D. Tilman Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USASearch for more papers by this authorB. Von Holle, B. Von Holle Harvard Forest, Harvard University, P.B. 68, Petersham, Massachusetts 01366-0068 USASearch for more papers by this author J. D. Fridley, J. D. Fridley Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280 USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. J. Stachowicz, J. J. Stachowicz Section of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USASearch for more papers by this authorS. Naeem, S. Naeem Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. F. Sax, D. F. Sax Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2202 USASearch for more papers by this authorE. W. Seabloom, E. W. Seabloom Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2914 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. D. Smith, M. D. Smith Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106 USASearch for more papers by this authorT. J. Stohlgren, T. J. Stohlgren U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Natural Resources Ecology Lab, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. Tilman, D. Tilman Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USASearch for more papers by this authorB. Von Holle, B. Von Holle Harvard Forest, Harvard University, P.B. 68, Petersham, Massachusetts 01366-0068 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2007 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[3:TIPRPA]2.0.CO;2Citations: 652 Corresponding Editor: L. M. Wolfe. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The invasion paradox describes the co-occurrence of independent lines of support for both a negative and a positive relationship between native biodiversity and the invasions of exotic species. The paradox leaves the implications of native–exotic species richness relationships open to debate: Are rich native communities more or less susceptible to invasion by exotic species? We reviewed the considerable observational, experimental, and theoretical evidence describing the paradox and sought generalizations concerning where and why the paradox occurs, its implications for community ecology and assembly processes, and its relevance for restoration, management, and policy associated with species invasions. The crux of the paradox concerns positive associations between native and exotic species richness at broad spatial scales, and negative associations at fine scales, especially in experiments in which diversity was directly manipulated. We identified eight processes that can generate either negative or positive native–exotic richness relationships, but none can generate both. As all eight processes have been shown to be important in some systems, a simple general theory of the paradox, and thus of the relationship between diversity and invasibility, is probably unrealistic. Nonetheless, we outline several key issues that help resolve the paradox, discuss the difficult juxtaposition of experimental and observational data (which often ask subtly different questions), and identify important themes for additional study. 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