Electron cryomicroscopy structures are provided for all core and supernumerary protein subunits of mammalian complex I, a 45-subunit enzyme that powers eukaryotic respiration. The first enzyme of the mammalian mitochondrial electron transport chain, complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase), is one of the largest membrane-bound enzymes in the cell. Here, Judy Hirst and colleagues report the single-particle electron cryomicroscopy structure of all 45 subunits of the bovine respiratory complex I at 4.2 Å resolution. This represents the first structure of the entire mammalian complex I, which provides insight into the structural and functional roles of the 31 'supernumerary' subunits and reveals that there are several conformationally dynamic regions that may explain how ubiquinone reduction is coupled to proton translocation. Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase), one of the largest membrane-bound enzymes in the cell, powers ATP synthesis in mammalian mitochondria by using the reducing potential of NADH to drive protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mammalian complex I (ref. 1) contains 45 subunits, comprising 14 core subunits that house the catalytic machinery (and are conserved from bacteria to humans) and a mammalian-specific cohort of 31 supernumerary subunits1,2. Knowledge of the structures and functions of the supernumerary subunits is fragmentary. Here we describe a 4.2-Å resolution single-particle electron cryomicroscopy structure of complex I from Bos taurus. We have located and modelled all 45 subunits, including the 31 supernumerary subunits, to provide the entire structure of the mammalian complex. Computational sorting of the particles identified different structural classes, related by subtle domain movements, which reveal conformationally dynamic regions and match biochemical descriptions of the ‘active-to-de-active’ enzyme transition that occurs during hypoxia3,4. Our structures therefore provide a foundation for understanding complex I assembly5 and the effects of mutations that cause clinically relevant complex I dysfunctions6, give insights into the structural and functional roles of the supernumerary subunits and reveal new information on the mechanism and regulation of catalysis.