ABSTRACT Host mucosal barriers possess an arsenal of defense molecules to maintain mucosal health. In addition to well-established defense molecules such as antimicrobial peptides and immunoglobulins, a subset of extracellular host-derived small RNAs (sRNAs) also exhibits antimicrobial functions in a cross-kingdom fashion. We recently uncovered the sRNA-mediated crosstalk between human normal oral keratinocytes and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) , an opportunistic oral pathobiont with increasing implications in extra-oral diseases. Notably, when challenged with Fn , oral keratinocytes released Fn -targeting tRNA-derived sRNAs (tsRNAs), an emerging class of noncoding sRNAs with diverse functions in gene regulation. Additionally, synthetic mimics of the Fn -targeting tsRNAs exhibited highly selective antimicrobial activity against Fn . However, excess synthetic tsRNAs (in the micromolar range) were required to achieve growth inhibition, which limits their potential as antimicrobials. Here, we chemically modify nucleotides of the anti- Fn tsRNAs, termed MOD-tsRNAs, and demonstrate their species- and sequence-specific inhibition in the nanomolar range in various Fn type strains and clinical tumor isolates. In contrast, the same MOD-tsRNAs do not inhibit two representative oral bacteria, Porphoromonas gingivalis ( Pg ) and Streptococcus mitis ( Sm ). Additionally, MOD-tsRNAs are internalized by different Fn strains while exhibiting minimal uptake by Pg and Sm . Further RNA sequencing and affinity pull-down assays implicate MOD-tsRNAs as potential ribosome-targeting antimicrobials against Fn . Taken together, our work provides a framework to target opportunistic pathobionts through co-opting host-derived extracellular tsRNAs, whose potential applications may have been limited by their intrinsic instability as well as our limited understanding of the inhibition mechanism.