Amyloid-beta (Abeta)-directed antibodies tested clinically for therapeutic activity against Alzheimer disease (AD) have shown varying degrees of efficacy. Although all of these antibodies target the Abeta peptide, their binding profile to different molecular species of Abeta (monomers, oligomers, fibrils) differs and may underly the observed variability in clinical outcomes. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to conduct a side-by-side comparison of the binding of various Abeta-directed antibodies to monomers and soluble low and high molecular weight Abeta oligomers from AD brains. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess reactivity with Abeta fibrils in plaque. Non-selective, pan-Abeta reactive antibodies such as crenezumab and gantenerumab, which have failed to produce a clinical benefit, bound all forms of Abeta tested. In a competition assay aimed at replicating the in vivo abundance of monomers in the blood and the central nervous system (CNS), these antibodies lost the ability to bind toxic AD brain oligomers when exposed to even low concentrations of monomers. In contrast, aggregate-selective antibodies such as aducanumab, lecanemab and donanemab, which have reported a clinical benefit, showed reduced monomer binding and a greater ability to withstand monomer competition suggesting a relationship between therapeutic activity and preferential targeting of toxic soluble aggregates. Of the antibodies in earlier stages of clinical testing, ACU193 and PMN310 displayed the greatest ability to retain binding to toxic AD brain oligomers when faced with high monomer concentrations while PRX h2731 was highly susceptible to monomer competition. Plaque binding was observed with all aggregate-reactive antibodies with the exception of PMN310 which was strictly selective for soluble oligomers. While a correlation has been observed between antibody plaque binding/clearance and reported increases in the risk of ARIA, plaque binding did not translate into clinical benefit in the case of gantenerumab. Overall, these results suggest that selectivity for soluble toxic Abeta oligomers may be a driver of clinical efficacy, with a potential reduced risk of ARIA if engagement with plaque is minimized.