We present a novel method utilizing “saltless” pH gradient weak cation exchange-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography directly coupled to electron transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry for the automated on-line high throughput characterization of hypermodified combinatorial histone codes. This technique, performed on a low resolution mass spectrometer, displays an improvement over existing methods with an ∼100-fold reduction in sample requirements and analysis time. The scheme presented is capable of identifying all of the major combinatorial histone codes present in a sample in a 2-h analysis. The large N-terminal histone peptides are eluted by the pH and organic solvent weak cation exchange-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography gradient and directly introduced via nanoelectrospray ionization into a benchtop linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with ETD. Each polypeptide is sequenced, and the modification sites are identified by ETD fragmentation. The isobaric trimethyl and acetyl modifications are resolved chromatographically and confidently distinguished by the synthesis of mass spectrometric and chromatographic information. We demonstrate the utility of the method by complete characterization of human histone H3.2 and histone H4 from butyrate-treated cells, but it is generally applicable to the analysis of highly modified peptides. We find this methodology very useful for chromatographic separation of isomeric species that cannot be separated well by any other chromatographic means, leading to less complicated tandem mass spectra. The improved separation and increased sensitivity generated novel information about much less abundant forms. In this method demonstration we report over 200 H3.2 forms and 70 H4 forms, including forms not yet detected in human cells, such as the remarkably highly modified histone H3.2 K4me3K9acK14acK18acK23acK27acK36me3. Such detail provided by our proteomics platform will be essential for determining how histone modifications occur and act in combination to propagate the histone code during transcriptional events and could greatly enable sequencing of the histone component of human epigenomes. We present a novel method utilizing “saltless” pH gradient weak cation exchange-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography directly coupled to electron transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry for the automated on-line high throughput characterization of hypermodified combinatorial histone codes. This technique, performed on a low resolution mass spectrometer, displays an improvement over existing methods with an ∼100-fold reduction in sample requirements and analysis time. The scheme presented is capable of identifying all of the major combinatorial histone codes present in a sample in a 2-h analysis. The large N-terminal histone peptides are eluted by the pH and organic solvent weak cation exchange-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography gradient and directly introduced via nanoelectrospray ionization into a benchtop linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with ETD. Each polypeptide is sequenced, and the modification sites are identified by ETD fragmentation. The isobaric trimethyl and acetyl modifications are resolved chromatographically and confidently distinguished by the synthesis of mass spectrometric and chromatographic information. We demonstrate the utility of the method by complete characterization of human histone H3.2 and histone H4 from butyrate-treated cells, but it is generally applicable to the analysis of highly modified peptides. We find this methodology very useful for chromatographic separation of isomeric species that cannot be separated well by any other chromatographic means, leading to less complicated tandem mass spectra. The improved separation and increased sensitivity generated novel information about much less abundant forms. In this method demonstration we report over 200 H3.2 forms and 70 H4 forms, including forms not yet detected in human cells, such as the remarkably highly modified histone H3.2 K4me3K9acK14acK18acK23acK27acK36me3. Such detail provided by our proteomics platform will be essential for determining how histone modifications occur and act in combination to propagate the histone code during transcriptional events and could greatly enable sequencing of the histone component of human epigenomes. Eukaryotic nuclear DNA is nominally compacted into chromatin fibers by use of nucleosomes consisting of a 146-bp section of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins (1Luger K. Mäder A.W. Richmond R.K. Sargent D.F. Richmond T.J. Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 Å resolution.Nature. 1997; 389: 251-260Crossref PubMed Scopus (6988) Google Scholar). Dynamic post-translational modifications (PTMs) 1The abbreviations used are:PTMpost-translational modificationETDelectron transfer dissociationWCXweak cation exchangeHILIChydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographyECDelectron capture dissociationRPreverse phaseLTQlinear trap quadrupoleMILPmixed integer linear optimizationSICsingle ion chromatogramChIPchromatin immunoprecipitation. of the histones, primarily in the accessible N-terminal region or histone “tail,” are an important but not fully understood component of dynamic gene regulation, epigenetic inheritance of cellular memory, genomic stability, and other nuclear mechanisms (2Barlési F. Giaccone G. Gallegos-Ruiz M.I. Loundou A. Span S.W. Lefesvre P. Kruyt F.A. Rodriguez J.A. Global histone modifications predict prognosis of resected non small-cell lung cancer.J. Clin. Oncol. 2007; 25: 4358-4364Crossref PubMed Scopus (235) Google Scholar, 3Bönisch C. Nieratschker S.M. Orfanos N.K. Hake S.B. Chromatin proteomics and epigenetic regulatory circuits.Expert Rev. Proteomics. 2008; 5: 105-119Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar, 4Burlingame A.L. Zhang X. Chalkley R.J. Mass spectrometric analysis of histone posttranslational modifications.Methods. 2005; 36: 383-394Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 5Garcia B.A. Shabanowitz J. Hunt D.F. Characterization of histones and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2007; 11: 66-73Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar, 6Su X. Ren C. Freitas M.A. Mass spectrometry-based strategies for characterization of histones and their post-translational modifications.Expert Rev. Proteomics. 2007; 4: 211-225Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 7Taverna S.D. Ilin S. Rogers R.S. Tanny J.C. Lavender H. Li H. Baker L. Boyle J. Blair L.P. Chait B.T. Patel D.J. Aitchison J.D. Tackett A.J. Allis C.D. Yng1 PHD finger binding to H3 trimethylated at K4 promotes NuA3 HAT activity at K14 of H3 and transcription at a subset of targeted ORFs.Mol. Cell. 2006; 24: 785-796Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (257) Google Scholar). An overwhelming number of studies point to the existence of a histone code of biological logic written on these proteins through these PTMs that are read by a diverse array of “effector” proteins leading to distinct biological events (3Bönisch C. Nieratschker S.M. Orfanos N.K. Hake S.B. Chromatin proteomics and epigenetic regulatory circuits.Expert Rev. Proteomics. 2008; 5: 105-119Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar). Many single PTM sites on various histone proteins have been decidedly linked to specific physiological processes, such as histone H3 Lys-9 trimethylation (H3K9me3), which is associated with heterochromatin formation (one mode of gene silencing). Nevertheless what effect multiple modifications occurring in combination may have on modulating the histone code signal remains to be determined. Significant progress has been made toward understanding histone modifications using antibody-based histone modification detection methods and by bottom up mass spectrometry (4Burlingame A.L. Zhang X. Chalkley R.J. Mass spectrometric analysis of histone posttranslational modifications.Methods. 2005; 36: 383-394Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 5Garcia B.A. Shabanowitz J. Hunt D.F. Characterization of histones and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2007; 11: 66-73Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar, 6Su X. Ren C. Freitas M.A. Mass spectrometry-based strategies for characterization of histones and their post-translational modifications.Expert Rev. Proteomics. 2007; 4: 211-225Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar). However, these efforts are fundamentally incapable of maintaining the connectivity between sites of modification over long amino acid sequences and thus do not provide information on how these modifications occur and function in concert. There are, however, several lines of recent evidence that indicate the biological significance of the combinatorial aspects of the histone code (2Barlési F. Giaccone G. Gallegos-Ruiz M.I. Loundou A. Span S.W. Lefesvre P. Kruyt F.A. Rodriguez J.A. Global histone modifications predict prognosis of resected non small-cell lung cancer.J. Clin. Oncol. 2007; 25: 4358-4364Crossref PubMed Scopus (235) Google Scholar, 7Taverna S.D. Ilin S. Rogers R.S. Tanny J.C. Lavender H. Li H. Baker L. Boyle J. Blair L.P. Chait B.T. Patel D.J. Aitchison J.D. Tackett A.J. Allis C.D. Yng1 PHD finger binding to H3 trimethylated at K4 promotes NuA3 HAT activity at K14 of H3 and transcription at a subset of targeted ORFs.Mol. Cell. 2006; 24: 785-796Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (257) Google Scholar, 8Sims J.K. Houston S.I. Magazinnik T. Rice J.C. A trans-tail histone code defined by monomethylated H4 Lys-20 and H3 Lys-9 demarcates distinct regions of silent chromatin.J. Biol. Chem. 2006; 281: 12760-12766Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar), thus prompting research into the sequence analysis of long range histone PTM patterns. post-translational modification electron transfer dissociation weak cation exchange hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography electron capture dissociation reverse phase linear trap quadrupole mixed integer linear optimization single ion chromatogram chromatin immunoprecipitation. The technologies capable of determining such long range patterns of PTMs, electron capture dissociation (ECD) (9Zubarev R.A. Kelleher N.L. McLafferty F.W. Electron capture dissociation of multiply charged protein cations. A nonergodic process.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998; 120: 3265-3266Crossref Scopus (1667) Google Scholar) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) (10Syka J.E. Coon J.J. Schroeder M.J. Shabanowitz J. Hunt D.F. Peptide and protein sequence analysis by electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004; 101: 9528-9533Crossref PubMed Scopus (2013) Google Scholar) MS, are still relatively new. These have enabled top and middle down gas phase sequencing for combinatorial histone PTM analysis. For example, Kelleher and co-workers (11Jiang L. Smith J.N. Anderson S.L. Ma P. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Global assessment of combinatorial post-translational modification of core histones in yeast using contemporary mass spectrometry. Lys4 trimethylation correlates with degree of acetylation on the same H3 tail.J. Biol. Chem. 2007; 282: 27923-27934Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar, 12Boyne 2nd, M.T. Pesavento J.J. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Precise characterization of human histones in the H2A gene family by top down mass spectrometry.J. Proteome Res. 2006; 5: 248-253Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar, 13Siuti N. Roth M.J. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Pesavento J.J. Gene-specific characterization of human histone H2B by electron capture dissociation.J. Proteome Res. 2006; 5: 233-239Crossref PubMed Scopus (94) Google Scholar, 14Pesavento J.J. Kim Y.B. Taylor G.K. Kelleher N.L. Shotgun annotation of histone modifications: a new approach for streamlined characterization of proteins by top down mass spectrometry.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004; 126: 3386-3387Crossref PubMed Scopus (140) Google Scholar) have published several studies detailing the analysis of all core histones using ECD on a high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometer. As histones H2B and H2A are modestly modified and histone H4 has limited complexity in comparison with histone H3, fairly thorough analysis of these proteins could be accomplished by a pure top down approach. However, the analysis of histone H3 has proven to be a significantly more difficult analytical problem and has only resulted in a limited survey by a sole top down approach (15Thomas C.E. Kelleher N.L. Mizzen C.A. Mass spectrometric characterization of human histone H3: a bird's eye view.J. Proteome Res. 2006; 5: 240-247Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar). Generally ECD analysis of histones requires large amounts of fairly pure sample and potentially long instrument acquisition times (several minutes to hours) to produce a single useful ECD spectrum given the sample complexity. The sensitivity of bottom up analyses has revealed more diverse PTMs on H2A, H2B, and H4 than top down approaches have revealed (5Garcia B.A. Shabanowitz J. Hunt D.F. Characterization of histones and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2007; 11: 66-73Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar, 16Tsubota T. Berndsen C.E. Erkmann J.A. Smith C.L. Yang L. Freitas M.A. Denu J.M. Kaufman P.D. Histone H3-K56 acetylation is catalyzed by histone chaperone-dependent complexes.Mol. Cell. 2007; 25: 703-712Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (239) Google Scholar, 17Bonenfant D. Coulot M. Towbin H. Schindler P. van Oostrum J. 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ETD experiments have been shown previously to be compatible with on-line chromatography methods and have limits of detection and dynamic ranges similar to those of bottom up MS. Therefore, ETD analysis of histones would seem to be a better fit for top or middle down MS, and thus improved methods for top or middle down analysis of histones remain a priority. In support, ETD has been used recently by a few groups to sequence histone proteins and peptides (20Phanstiel D. Brumbaugh J. Berggren W.T. Conard K. Feng X. Levenstein M.E. McAlister G.C. Thomson J.A. Coon J.J. Mass spectrometry identifies and quantifies 74 unique histone H4 isoforms in differentiating human embryonic stem cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008; 105: 4093-4098Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar, 21Coon J.J. Ueberheide B. Syka J.E. Dryhurst D.D. Ausio J. Shabanowitz J. Hunt D.F. Protein identification using sequential ion/ion reactions and tandem mass spectrometry.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005; 102: 9463-9468Crossref PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar). However, as all of these on-line analyses have been performed using standard reverse phase (RP) HPLC, only limited analyses or analyses of the less complicated histones, H2A or H4, have been performed due in part to low chromatographic resolution. The quality of any LC-MS analysis, as measured by dynamic range, sensitivity, and specificity, is highly dependent on the quality of the chromatography. This becomes critical in the case of modified histone peptides where the sample is a complex mixture of a wide concentration range of large peptides with identical amino acid sequences modified in slightly different ways, resulting in many isobaric structural isomers. Separation of these physically similar modified histone forms (especially the highly modified histone H3) by any method has proved difficult and non-routine (22Lindner H.H. Analysis of histones, histone variants, and their post-translationally modified forms.Electrophoresis. 2008; 29: 2516-2532Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar). Chromatographic methods traditionally used in proteomics analyses (RP-HPLC) achieve only marginal separation of large histone modified peptides resulting in complicated middle down MS analyses of highly mixed precursor ion tandem mass spectra (several isomeric but uniquely modified species fragmented at once), highlighting the need for chromatographic resolution of histone forms prior to mass spectrometric interrogation (20Phanstiel D. Brumbaugh J. Berggren W.T. Conard K. Feng X. Levenstein M.E. McAlister G.C. Thomson J.A. Coon J.J. Mass spectrometry identifies and quantifies 74 unique histone H4 isoforms in differentiating human embryonic stem cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008; 105: 4093-4098Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar, 23Bonenfant D. Towbin H. Coulot M. Schindler P. Mueller D.R. van Oostrum J. Analysis of dynamic changes in post-translational modifications of human histones during cell cycle by mass spectrometry.Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 2007; 6: 1917-1932Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar). Off-line chromatographic separations using weak cation exchange mechanisms have been demonstrated recently to do a reasonably good job of fractionating out the differently modified PTM forms (24Taverna S.D. Ueberheide B.M. Liu Y. Tackett A.J. Diaz R.L. Shabanowitz J. Chait B.T. Hunt D.F. Allis C.D. Long-distance combinatorial linkage between methylation and acetylation on histone H3 N termini.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007; 104: 2086-2091Crossref PubMed Scopus (147) Google Scholar, 25Pesavento J.J. Bullock C.R. LeDuc R.D. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Combinatorial modification of human histone H4 quantitated by two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with top down mass spectrometry.J. Biol. Chem. 2008; 283: 14927-14937Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar, 26Sarg B. Helliger W. Talasz H. Förg B. Lindner H.H. Histone H1 phosphorylation occurs site-specifically during interphase and mitosis: identification of a novel phosphorylation site on histone H1.J. Biol. Chem. 2006; 281: 6573-6580Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (109) Google Scholar, 27Garcia B.A. Pesavento J.J. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Pervasive combinatorial modification of histone H3 in human cells.Nat. Methods. 2007; 4: 487-489Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar). These methods, however, rely on non-volatile mobile phase additives that render them inadaptable to an on-line LC-MS method. As a consequence, each of the many resulting LC fractions from the up-front separation have to be further purified and separately analyzed by MS afterward. Although such methods served as excellent discovery platforms, this process is extremely time-consuming, leads to sample loss, and inherently reduces the chromatographic resolution prohibiting extensive studies of the relevance and dynamics of the modified forms discovered (24Taverna S.D. Ueberheide B.M. Liu Y. Tackett A.J. Diaz R.L. Shabanowitz J. Chait B.T. Hunt D.F. Allis C.D. Long-distance combinatorial linkage between methylation and acetylation on histone H3 N termini.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007; 104: 2086-2091Crossref PubMed Scopus (147) Google Scholar, 27Garcia B.A. Pesavento J.J. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Pervasive combinatorial modification of histone H3 in human cells.Nat. Methods. 2007; 4: 487-489Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar). Here we present the first on-line nanoflow weak cation exchange hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (WCX-HILIC) LC-MS/MS analysis method for the high throughput characterization of complex mixtures of hypermodified combinatorial histone codes. The chromatographic separation is performed on a WCX-HILIC PolyCAT A stationary phase (polyaspartic acid); however, our mechanism of elution is different from that reported previously (27Garcia B.A. Pesavento J.J. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Pervasive combinatorial modification of histone H3 in human cells.Nat. Methods. 2007; 4: 487-489Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar). The ionic strength gradient (i.e. salt elution) used by off-line methods has been replaced with a pH gradient that protonates the stationary phase to remove the cation exchange interaction. This change in elution strategy leads to a similar chromatographic profile as an ionic strength gradient but renders the method “mass spectrometry-friendly” and results in dramatically improved analysis time, throughput, sample consumption, and dynamic range. Whereas previous methods required 50–100 h of manual MS data acquisition time and over 100 µg of sample to systematically characterize a single histone extract (20Phanstiel D. Brumbaugh J. Berggren W.T. Conard K. Feng X. Levenstein M.E. McAlister G.C. Thomson J.A. Coon J.J. Mass spectrometry identifies and quantifies 74 unique histone H4 isoforms in differentiating human embryonic stem cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008; 105: 4093-4098Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar, 24Taverna S.D. Ueberheide B.M. Liu Y. Tackett A.J. Diaz R.L. Shabanowitz J. Chait B.T. Hunt D.F. Allis C.D. Long-distance combinatorial linkage between methylation and acetylation on histone H3 N termini.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007; 104: 2086-2091Crossref PubMed Scopus (147) Google Scholar, 27Garcia B.A. Pesavento J.J. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Pervasive combinatorial modification of histone H3 in human cells.Nat. Methods. 2007; 4: 487-489Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar), the method presented here can achieve this with less than 1 µg of sample in as little as a couple hours with an overall improvement in data quality. Because of the improved chromatographic resolution and the inherent concentration of minor forms at the point of ionization of an on-line nanoflow LC-MS method, our dynamic range and limits of detection are significantly improved. Furthermore the selectivity of the chromatography means that isobaric modifications, most importantly trimethylation and acetylation, can be confidently distinguished and assigned by supplementing the ETD MS/MS with retention time data. Although this is the first work to distinguish between acetylation and trimethylation in such a manner, it should not be surprising that a modification that removes a positive charge can be resolved from a modification that permanently fixes a positive charge by cation exchange mechanisms. Thus, high resolution mass spectrometry as used previously (12Boyne 2nd, M.T. Pesavento J.J. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Precise characterization of human histones in the H2A gene family by top down mass spectrometry.J. Proteome Res. 2006; 5: 248-253Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar, 13Siuti N. Roth M.J. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Pesavento J.J. Gene-specific characterization of human histone H2B by electron capture dissociation.J. Proteome Res. 2006; 5: 233-239Crossref PubMed Scopus (94) Google Scholar, 14Pesavento J.J. Kim Y.B. Taylor G.K. Kelleher N.L. Shotgun annotation of histone modifications: a new approach for streamlined characterization of proteins by top down mass spectrometry.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004; 126: 3386-3387Crossref PubMed Scopus (140) Google Scholar, 15Thomas C.E. Kelleher N.L. Mizzen C.A. Mass spectrometric characterization of human histone H3: a bird's eye view.J. Proteome Res. 2006; 5: 240-247Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar, 20Phanstiel D. Brumbaugh J. Berggren W.T. Conard K. Feng X. Levenstein M.E. McAlister G.C. Thomson J.A. Coon J.J. Mass spectrometry identifies and quantifies 74 unique histone H4 isoforms in differentiating human embryonic stem cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008; 105: 4093-4098Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar, 21Coon J.J. Ueberheide B. Syka J.E. Dryhurst D.D. Ausio J. Shabanowitz J. Hunt D.F. Protein identification using sequential ion/ion reactions and tandem mass spectrometry.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005; 102: 9463-9468Crossref PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar, 25Pesavento J.J. Bullock C.R. LeDuc R.D. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Combinatorial modification of human histone H4 quantitated by two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with top down mass spectrometry.J. Biol. Chem. 2008; 283: 14927-14937Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar, 27Garcia B.A. Pesavento J.J. Mizzen C.A. Kelleher N.L. Pervasive combinatorial modification of histone H3 in human cells.Nat. Methods. 2007; 4: 487-489Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar) is not a strict requirement. We demonstrate using histones H3.2 and H4 from butyrate-treated HeLa cells (butyrate is a deacetylase inhibitor, and this results in a wide range and more complex mixture of potential forms ideal for methodological testing) that our method achieves a high quality comprehensive characterization of combinatorial histone codes using our nanoflow LC method in combination with ETD on a widely available ion trap instrument. HeLa S3 cells were grown and harvested as described previously (15Thomas C.E. Kelleher N.L. Mizzen C.A. Mass spectrometric characterization of human histone H3: a bird's eye view.J. Proteome Res. 2006; 5: 240-247Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar). In some instances, cells were treated with 10 mm sodium butyrate overnight to increase histone acetylation. After nuclei isolation, histones were acid-extracted according to standard protocols (28Shechter D. Dormann H.L. Allis C.D. Hake S.B. Extraction, purification and analysis of histones.Nat. Protoc. 2007; 2: 1445-1457Crossref PubMed Scopus (740) Google Scholar). Histones were then separated by RP-HPLC into the constituent family members (H2A, H2B, H3.1, H3.2, H3.3, H4, and H1) on a 4.6 × 250-mm C8 column (Grace Davidson, Deerfield, IL) using a System Gold (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA) HPLC instrument to deliver a gradient at 0.8 ml/min from 30% B to 60% B in 100 min (A, 5% acetonitrile and 0.2% TFA; B, 95% acetonitrile and 0.18% TFA). Histone H3.2 was selected and diluted in 100 mm ammonium acetate (pH = 4) and digested with Glu-C protease (Roche Applied Science) at a protein:enzyme ratio of 10:1 for 5 h at room temperature after which the reaction was quenched by freezing at −80 °C. The resulting 1–50-amino acid peptide of the H3.2 histone protein was then further RP-HPLC-purified as described before (5Garcia B.A. Shabanowitz J. Hunt D.F. Characterization of histones and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2007; 11: 66-73Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar) (1% B/min gradient, same solvents and solvent system as above except a 2.1 × 250-mm column and 0.2 ml/min flow rate was used). Histone H4 was enzymatically digested using Asp-N (Roche Applied Science) (5:1 ratio, 100 mm ammonium bicarbonate (pH = 8.0) for 6 h at 37 °C). The resulting 1–23-amino acid peptide of histone H4 was purified by solid phase extraction using a C18 stop and go extraction tip (29Rappsilber J. Ishihama Y. Mann M. Stop and go extraction tips for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, nanoelectrospray, and LC/MS sample pretreatment in proteomics.Anal. Chem. 2003; 75: 663-670Crossref PubMed Scopus (1832) Google Scholar) by loading in 0.1% acetic acid and eluting in 50% MeCN in 0.1% acetic acid. Eluted protein was evaporated to near dryness and diluted into the HILIC A mobile phase before loading on capillary HILIC columns. A P2000 laser tip puller (Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA) was used to pull a 75-µm-inner diameter × 360-µm-outer diameter fused silica capillary to a tip. This tip was packed with 3-µm-diameter, 300-Å-pore size, PolyCAT A resin (PolyLC, Columbia, MD) to a length of ∼10 cm forming an integrated chromatography column and nanospray ionization emitter. Approximately 0.5–1.0 µg of histone was pressure bomb-loaded onto the capillary HILIC column at about 5 µl/min. Using an Agilent 1200 HPLC pump (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) with a precolumn flow split giving ∼100–200 nl/min flow rate to the column, the histone modified forms were eluted from the column by a linear gradient (solvent A was 75% acetonitrile (Mallinckrodt-Baker, Inc., Phillipsburg, NJ), 20 mm propionic acid (Fluka puriss. pro analysis, ≥99.5% (gas chromatography); Sigma-Aldrich), adjusted to pH 6.0 using ammonium hydroxide (ACS reagent grade, Sigma-Aldrich), and solvent B was 25% acetonitrile adjusted to pH 2.5 with formic acid). Several other buffer systems for the B mobile phase were tried during method development as noted under “Results.” The column eluent was introduced into an LTQ-ETD ion trap mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) or an LTQ-Orbitrap XL (Thermo Scientific) (data in Fig. 1 only) by nanoelectrospray ionization. Every cycle a full mass spectrum was acquired from 300 to 2000 m/z followed by narrower mass range full mass spectrum to select a given charge state of the histone for data-dependent selection. Five to ten data-dependent tandem MS (MS2) ETD normal rate scans with three microscans each were acquired for each cycle based on the single charge state scan with a minimum signal threshold of 40,000, an automatic gain control target value of 3e4 for MS2, maximum analyte ion injection time of 100 ms, an isolation width of 1