Cyclin D expression is regulated by growth factors and is necessary for the induction of mitogenesis. Herbimycin A, a drug that binds to Hsp90, induces the destruction of tyrosine kinases and causes the down-regulation of cyclin D and an Rb-dependent growth arrest in the G1phase of the cell cycle. We find that the induction of D-cyclin expression by serum and its repression by herbimycin A are regulated at the level of mRNA translation. Induction of cyclin D by serum occurs prior to the induction of its mRNA and does not require transcription. Herbimycin A repression is characterized by a decrease in the synthetic rate of D-cyclins prior to changes in mRNA expression and in the absence of changes in the half-life of the protein. This effect on D-cyclin translation is mediated via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)-dependent pathway. PI 3-kinase inhibitors such as wortmannin and LY294002, and rapamycin, an inhibitor of FRAP/TOR, cause a decline in the level of D-cyclins, whereas inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and farnesyltransferase do not. Cells expressing the activated, myristoylated form of Akt kinase, a target of PI 3-kinase, are refractory to the effects of herbimycin A or serum starvation on D-cyclin expression. These data suggest that serum induction of cyclin D expression results from enhanced translation of its mRNA and that this results from activation of a pathway that is dependent upon PI 3-kinase and Akt kinase. Cyclin D expression is regulated by growth factors and is necessary for the induction of mitogenesis. Herbimycin A, a drug that binds to Hsp90, induces the destruction of tyrosine kinases and causes the down-regulation of cyclin D and an Rb-dependent growth arrest in the G1phase of the cell cycle. We find that the induction of D-cyclin expression by serum and its repression by herbimycin A are regulated at the level of mRNA translation. Induction of cyclin D by serum occurs prior to the induction of its mRNA and does not require transcription. Herbimycin A repression is characterized by a decrease in the synthetic rate of D-cyclins prior to changes in mRNA expression and in the absence of changes in the half-life of the protein. This effect on D-cyclin translation is mediated via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)-dependent pathway. PI 3-kinase inhibitors such as wortmannin and LY294002, and rapamycin, an inhibitor of FRAP/TOR, cause a decline in the level of D-cyclins, whereas inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and farnesyltransferase do not. Cells expressing the activated, myristoylated form of Akt kinase, a target of PI 3-kinase, are refractory to the effects of herbimycin A or serum starvation on D-cyclin expression. These data suggest that serum induction of cyclin D expression results from enhanced translation of its mRNA and that this results from activation of a pathway that is dependent upon PI 3-kinase and Akt kinase. cyclin-dependent kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium mitogen-activated protein MAP kinase kinase base pair(s) epidermal growth factor hemagglutinin polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Growth factors elicit their biological effects by activating a complex network of receptors and signaling pathways. Activation of transmembrane tyrosine kinases by serum or polypeptide growth factors results in the transit of cells through the G1 phase of the cell cycle into S-phase. Several lines of evidence suggest that the D-type cyclins and their associated kinases (Cdks)1 are among the targets of these growth signals (1Sherr C.J. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1995; 20: 187-190Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (908) Google Scholar). The D-type cyclins, D1, D2 and D3, are closely related proteins whose expression is induced by mitogens and growth factors (2Lanahan A. Williams J.B. Snaders L.K. Nathans D. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 3919-3929Crossref PubMed Scopus (299) Google Scholar, 3Matsushime H. Roussel M.F. Ashmun R.A. Sherr C.J. Cell. 1991; 65: 701-713Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1118) Google Scholar, 4Musgrove E.A. Hamilton J.A. Lee C.S.L. Seeney K.L.E. Watts C.K.W. Sutherland R.L. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1993; 13: 3577-3587Crossref PubMed Scopus (282) Google Scholar, 5Lavoie J.N. L'Allemain G. Brunet A. Muller R. Pouyssegur J. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 20608-20616Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1099) Google Scholar, 6Altucci L. Addeo R. Cicatiello L. Dauvois S. Parker M.G. Truss M. Beato M. Sica V. Bresciani F. Weisz A. Oncogene. 1996; 12: 2315-2324PubMed Google Scholar) and down-regulated by growth factor deprivation or by antimitogens (7Watts C.K.W. Sweeney K.J.E. Walters A. 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Biol. 1995; 15: 3654-3663Crossref PubMed Scopus (263) Google Scholar, 12Filmus J. Robels A.L. Shi W. Wong M.J. Colombo L.L. Conti C.J. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 3627-3633PubMed Google Scholar). Aberrant overexpression of D-type cyclins resulting from upstream growth factor receptor activation, gene amplification or rearrangement, or an increase in mRNA stability seems to be a common feature of a number of human cancers and may reduce the cell's dependence on physiologic growth stimuli (13Buckley M.F. Sweeney K.J.E. Hamilton J.A. Sini R.L. Manning D.L. Nicholson R.J. deFrazio A. Watts C.K.W. Musgrove E.A. Sutherland R.L. Oncogene. 1993; 8: 2127-2133PubMed Google Scholar, 14Jiang W. Kahn S.M. Zhou P. Zhang Y. Cacace A.M. Infante A.S. Doi S. Santella R.M. Weinstein I.B. Oncogene. 1993; 8: 3447-3457PubMed Google Scholar, 15Bartkova J. Lukas J. Strauss M. Bartek J. Oncogene. 1995; 10: 775-778PubMed Google Scholar, 16Lebwohl D.E. Muise-Helmericks R.C. Sepp-Lorenzino L. Serve S. Timaul M. Bol R. Borgen P. Rosen N. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 1925-1929PubMed Google Scholar). Changes in cyclin D expression integrate the proliferative effects of an array of extracellular factors, including cytokines, polypeptide growth factors, and steroid hormones (2Lanahan A. Williams J.B. Snaders L.K. Nathans D. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 3919-3929Crossref PubMed Scopus (299) Google Scholar, 3Matsushime H. Roussel M.F. Ashmun R.A. Sherr C.J. Cell. 1991; 65: 701-713Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1118) Google Scholar, 4Musgrove E.A. Hamilton J.A. Lee C.S.L. Seeney K.L.E. Watts C.K.W. Sutherland R.L. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1993; 13: 3577-3587Crossref PubMed Scopus (282) Google Scholar, 7Watts C.K.W. Sweeney K.J.E. Walters A. Musgrove E.A. Sutherland R.L. Breast Cancer Res. Treatment. 1994; 31: 95-105Crossref PubMed Scopus (109) Google Scholar). Cellular stress results in the loss of cyclin D1 expression, with a concomitant arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (8Miyatake S. Nakano H. Park S.Y. Yamazaki T. Tadase K. Matsushime H. Kato A. Saito T. J. Exp. Med. 1995; 182: 401-408Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar, 17Tomida, A., Suzuki, H., Kim, H., and Tsuruo, T. (1997)Oncogene 2699–2705Google Scholar). The networks of pathways responsible for the transduction of these signals are complex and not completely understood. There is some evidence suggesting that a Ras- and MAP kinase-dependent signaling pathway is involved. Expression of activated Ras is associated with the increased expression of cyclin D1 in both epithelial cells (12Filmus J. Robels A.L. Shi W. Wong M.J. Colombo L.L. Conti C.J. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 3627-3633PubMed Google Scholar) and fibroblasts (11Liu J. Chao J. Jiang M. Ng S. Yen J.J. Yang-Yen H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 3654-3663Crossref PubMed Scopus (263) Google Scholar). Moreover, in the absence of growth factors, activation of the Raf1 → MEK → MAP kinase pathway has been shown to be sufficient to induce cyclin D1 transcription (5Lavoie J.N. L'Allemain G. Brunet A. Muller R. Pouyssegur J. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 20608-20616Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1099) Google Scholar). Herbimycin A is a natural product that binds to a specific site in Hsp90 and causes the degradation of transmembrane tyrosine protein kinases, Raf1, and steroid hormone receptors (18Sepp-Lorenzino L. Ma Z. Lebwohl D.E. Vinitsky A. Rosen N. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 16580-16587Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (190) Google Scholar, 19Stebbins C.E. Russo A.A. Schneider C. Rosen N. Hartl F.U. Pavletich N.P. Cell. 1997; 89: 239-250Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1274) Google Scholar, 20Xu Y. Lindquist S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 7074-7078Crossref PubMed Scopus (386) Google Scholar, 21Schulte T.W. Blagosklonny M.V. Ingui C. Neckers L. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 24585-24588Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (426) Google Scholar, 22Stancato L.F. Chow Y.H. Hutchison K.A. Perdew G.H. 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Colo205, a human colon carcinoma cell line, and MCF7, a breast cancer cell line, were obtained from ATCC, and maintained in RPMI or DMEM-F12, respectively, supplemented with 8% fetal calf serum (Life Technologies, Inc.), 2 mm glutamine, and 50 units/ml each penicillin and streptomycin. MCF10A, a nontransformed human mammary epithelial cell line obtained from Dr. J. Mendelsohn (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY), was maintained in DMEM-F12 containing 8% donor horse serum, glutamine, and penicillin and streptomycin as above, 0.5 μg/ml hydrocortisone, 10 μg/ml insulin (Collaborative Biomedical Science), 20 ng/ml EGF (Collaborative Biomedical Science), and 1 μg/ml amphotericin (Sigma). MCF10A were serum-starved in DMEM-F12 supplemented with penicillin and streptomycin as above plus 0.1% donor horse serum for 48 h. The cells were stimulated for the times indicated in the text with the media described above. DLD1 tetracycline-repressible cells were maintained in DMEM-F12 supplemented with 15% fetal calf serum, 400 μg/ml G418, 2.5 μg/ml puromycin, 2.0 μg/ml tetracycline, 2 mm glutamine, and 50 units/ml each penicillin and streptomycin. Herbimycin A (Life Technologies, Inc.) was used at a concentration of 500 μg/ml or as indicated in the text. Farnesyltransferase inhibitor L-744,832 was a gift from Drs. N. Kohl and A. Oliff at Merck (West Point, PA) and was used at a concentration of 20 μm. Rapamycin and wortmannin (Sigma) were used at a concentration of 250 or 200 nm, respectively. Treated cells were washed once with phosphate-buffered saline and lysed in Nonidet P-40 Lysis Buffer (50 mm Tris, pH 7.5, 1% Nonidet P-40, 150 mm NaCl, 2.5 mm Na3VO4, 10 mmphenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 10 μm each of leupeptin, aprotinin, and soybean trypsin inhibitor) for 10 min on ice and centrifuged at 15,000 × g for 10 min. Protein concentrations were determined by a BCA protein assay reagent using the instructions provided by the manufacturer (Pierce). Equal amounts of total protein were resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Schleicher & Schuell) by electroblotting. Blots were blocked in Blotto (5% nonfat dry milk in TS (150 mm NaCl, 10 mm Tris, pH7.4)) plus 0.1% Tween 20, and probed with rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed against cyclin D1 or D3, or Cdk2 (Santa Cruz Technologies) overnight at 4 °C. After washing twice for 10 min in TS plus 0.1% Tween 20, a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody was applied and incubated for 1 h at room temperature, and the blots washed twice for 10 min with TS plus 0.1% Tween 20 and developed using ECL Reagent (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). For pulse-labeling experiments, 4 × 106 cells/100-mm plate were pre-incubated in RPMI without cysteine or methionine supplemented with 8% dialyzed fetal calf serum for 20 min and pulse-labeled for the indicated times by addition of 250 μCi of Promix (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). For pulse-chase experiments, pulses were performed as above, media was removed, and chase media (normal growth media containing 10 μg/ml l-methionine; Sigma), was added and allowed to incubate for the times indicated in the text. Cell lysates were prepared as described above, and equal amounts of total protein were immunoprecipitated using 5 μl of the cyclin D3 polyclonal antibody overnight at 4 °C. After incubation with Protein A-Sepharose (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) for 1 h at 4 °C, immunoprecipitates were pelleted, washed once with Nonidet P-40 Lysis buffer, resuspended in 2× sample buffer, resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE, dried, exposed to x-ray film, and quantitated using a Fuji phosphoimaging system. Total RNA was isolated using an RNAsol B RNA isolation kit by procedures supplied by the manufacturer (Biotecx). A 440-bp EcoRI/PstI fragment encompassing sequences +1 to +440 of the human cyclin D1 cDNA (24Xiong Y. Connolly T. Futcher B. Beach D. Cell. 1991; 65: 691-699Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (708) Google Scholar), a 546-bp PstI fragment encompassing sequences +248 to +794 of the human cyclin D3 cDNA (25Xiong Y. Menninger J. Beach D. Ward D.C. Genomics. 1992; 13: 575-584Crossref PubMed Scopus (197) Google Scholar) both provided by Dr. Y. Xiong (Chapel Hill, NC), as well as a 139-bp PstI/EcoRV fragment of 36B4, a ribosomal protein subunit whose expression does not vary with the cell cycle (26Motokura T. Keyomarsi K. Kronenberg H.M. Arnold A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 20412-20415Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), were subcloned into Bluescript KS+ (Stratagene) by standard procedures (27Manniatis T. Fritsch E. Sambrook J. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY1994Google Scholar). The D1 and D3 subclones were linearized with EcoRI, and 36B4 subclone was linearized withPvuII. The linearized glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase probe was a gift from Dr. D. Hochhauser (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center). 32P-Labeled antisense probes were synthesized according to the manufacturer (Promega). The specific activity of the 36B4 internal control was adjusted by increasing the amount of cold nucleotide and was empirically determined to be within the linear range of the assay. RNase protection analysis was performed as described previously (16Lebwohl D.E. Muise-Helmericks R.C. Sepp-Lorenzino L. Serve S. Timaul M. Bol R. Borgen P. Rosen N. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 1925-1929PubMed Google Scholar). Briefly, 5 × 105 cpm of each probe was hybridized to 30 μg of total RNA overnight at 50 °C. Hybridization reactions were digested with a combination of RNase A (U. S. Biochemical Corp.) and RNase T1(Life Technologies, Inc.). After ethanol precipitation, the samples were resuspended in formamide loading buffer and resolved by electrophoresis on 6% polyacrylamide, 7 m urea sequencing gels. The gels were dried, exposed to x-ray film, and quantitated using a Fuji phosphoimaging system or a Bio-Rad molecular imaging system. Hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged c-Akt and myrAkt were cloned into the retroviral vector pMV12-SRα. Retroviral vectors were propagated by transient co-transfection into COS cells with a packaging plasmid. Retroviral infections were performed by treating MCF7 cell monolayers with 40 μg/ml DEAE-dextran for 1 h and then incubating with viral stocks overnight. G418 was added to 500 μg/ml, and resistant colonies were pooled. Akt kinase assays were performed as described previously (28Franke T.F. Yang S. Chan T.O. Datta K. Kazlauskas A. Morrison D.K. Kaplan D.R. Tsichlis P.N. Cell. 1995; 81: 727-736Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1843) Google Scholar). Briefly, total cellular lysate, treated as described in the text, was immunoprecipitated with an anti-HA antibody (Babco) and used in a kinase assay with histone H2B as the exogenous substrate. The tetracycline system plasmids pUHD15–1 neo and pUHD10–3 as described (29Gossen M. Bujard H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1992; 89: 5547-5551Crossref PubMed Scopus (4342) Google Scholar) were used. HA-tagged Akt was cloned into the pUHD10–3 vector at the EcoRI site. DLD1 cells expressing the tTA gene (pUHD15–1 neo) were obtained from T. Papas (30Huang C.C. Papas T.S. Bhat N.K. Oncogene. 1997; 15: 851-856Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar) and were transfected with pUHD10–3/Akt plasmids and MSCVpac (31Hawley R.G. Lieu F.H. Fong A.Z. Hawley T.S. Gene Ther. 1994; 1: 136-138PubMed Google Scholar) using LipofectAMINE reagent (Life Technologies, Inc.). Single colony clones of tet-inducible Akt were isolated following selection with 2.5 μg/ml puromycin (Sigma). Herbimycin A caused a G1 arrest in multiple cell lines, which was preceded by a decrease in the expression of cyclins D1 and D3 (data not shown and Fig. 1). Fig. 1 A shows the effects of herbimycin A on D-cyclin and PI 3-kinase (p85) expression in two Rb-positive cell lines. Neither cell line expressed cyclin D2 protein or mRNA (data not shown). In MCF7, a breast carcinoma cell line, cyclin D1 and D3 levels were reduced to 30% and 50% of control levels, respectively, by 24 h of drug treatment. In the nontransformed mammary epithelial cell line, MCF10A, the decline in D-type cyclins occurred more rapidly: 50% reduction by 3 h of HA treatment. The p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase was unaffected by herbimycin A treatment in both cell lines. To determine whether the decrease in cyclin D protein levels results from a decrease in mRNA levels, RNase protection analyses were performed. These results are shown in Fig. 1 B. Neither cyclin D1 nor D3 mRNA levels were affected by herbimycin A treatment of MCF7 cells. In MCF10A cells, cyclin D1 mRNA levels were reduced to 50% of the control at 9–12 h of drug treatment; cyclin D3 mRNA levels were unchanged. Fig. 1 C shows a summary of the quantitation of these results. In both cell lines tested, a reduction in D-type cyclin protein levels preceded the effect, if any, on the corresponding transcript. These results suggest that the primary effect of herbimycin A on cyclin D levels is at the post-transcriptional level. Changes in steady state protein levels can be accomplished by alterations in either the rate of synthesis or in protein half-life. As shown in Fig. 2, treatment of MCF7 cells with herbimycin A specifically decreased the incorporation of labeled amino acids into cyclin D3. The drug reduced the rate of incorporation into cyclin D3 by approximately 50%, while isotope incorporation into total protein synthesis remained unaffected. Chase experiments were performed in MCF7 cells, following a 45-min pulse labeling (Fig. 3 A, Control) and showed that the half-life of cyclin D3 was approximately 2 h (Fig. 3 B). This half-life was unaffected when the chase media contained herbimycin A, or when the cells were pretreated with herbimycin A for 6 h and chased with herbimycin A-containing media (Fig. 3 A). The pulse-chase experiment was repeated using a 10-min pulse, and the half-life was identical (data not shown). These results indicate that herbimycin A affects cyclin D3 expression by reducing its rate of synthesis. Given that the commercially available antibodies against cyclin D1 were inadequate for immunoprecipitation, we were unable to confirm that herbimycin A also affected the synthesis of cyclin D1.Figure 3Effect of herbimycin A on cyclin D3 protein turnover. A, SDS-PAGE gel of cyclin D3 immunoprecipitates from cells pulse-labeled for 1 h and chased for the times indicated above each lane. The set marked Controlare immunoprecipitates from cells treated with carrier control alone. The set marked No Pretreatment are immunoprecipitates from cells chased in media containing herbimycin A. The set marked 6 h Pretreatment are immunoprecipitates from cells pretreated with drug for 6 h prior to the pulse and chased in media containing drug. The lane markedNRS is the resultant immunoprecipitation using normal rabbit serum. The molecular weight markers are listed to the leftof the figure, and the arrow indicates the position of cyclin D3. B, quantitation of the experiment shown in A. Phosphoimaging units are expressed as relative to time zero. The background signal was subtracted for each lane.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) These data suggest that herbimycin A affects D-cyclin levels by inhibiting the translation of their mRNAs. This could reflect a direct effect of herbimycin A on the translational machinery or result from inhibition of signaling pathways such as those initiated by tyrosine kinase activation. Herbimycin A inhibits tyrosine kinase signaling by inducing the degradation of TKs and of Raf1 (18Sepp-Lorenzino L. Ma Z. Lebwohl D.E. Vinitsky A. Rosen N. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 16580-16587Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (190) Google Scholar, 20Xu Y. Lindquist S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 7074-7078Crossref PubMed Scopus (386) Google Scholar, 21Schulte T.W. Blagosklonny M.V. Ingui C. Neckers L. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 24585-24588Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (426) Google Scholar). We therefore investigated the mechanism of serum induction of cyclin D expression. MCF10A is an immortalized, untransformed human mammary epithelial cell line, which requires growth factors and hormone supplements for proliferation and arrests in G1 when deprived of growth factors (32Soule H.D. Maloney T.M. Wolman S.R. Peterson W.D. Brenz R. McGrath C.M. Russo J. Pauley R.J. Jones R.F. Brooks S.C. Cancer Res. 1990; 50: 6075-6086PubMed Google Scholar). As shown in Fig. 4 A, addition of complete media to serum- and growth factor-starved MCF10A cells caused a 7-fold increase in the amount of cyclin D1 and a 3-fold increase in cyclin D3 proteins within 12 h. RNase protection analyses shown in Fig. 4 B indicate that although the cyclin D1 message was increased almost 2-fold, this increase occurred at approximately 12 h, much later than the increase in protein level. The background hybridization due to the internal control is indicated by the asterisks. When compared with the internal control, cyclin D3 mRNA levels remained unchanged during the 12-h time period tested. Quantitation of these results is shown in Fig. 4 C. To confirm the contribution of a post-transcriptional component to the induction of cyclin D protein levels, additional serum induction experiments were performed. The pulse-labeling experiment shown in Fig. 5 A indicates that the synthesis of cyclin D3 was increased 13-fold over the control 6 h after addition of fresh media to serum-starved MCF10A cells. Treatment of these cells with actinomycin D had little effect on the induction of cyclin D1 or D3 by serum, whereas the induction of c-Fos, which is transcriptionally controlled, was completely inhibited (Fig. 5 B). Early induction of cyclin D1 was not affected by actinomycin D treatment. However, the level of expression was slightly reduced after 6 h of treatment as compared with the control. The magnitude of cyclin D3 induction was also slightly reduced in the presence of actinomycin D. Although these results do not preclude a transcriptional component, they confirm that the induction of cyclin D by serum results from a post-transcriptional mechanism.Figure 5Growth factors cause an increase in the rate of D-type cyclin protein synthesis. A, SDS-PAGE gel of cyclin D3 immunoprecipitates from cell lysates obtained from cells either starved for 48 h and pulsed for the times indicated above each lane or stimulated with complete media containing labeled amino acids and incubated for the times indicated above each lane. The former set is marked Starved, and the latter is markedStimulated. The molecular weight markers are listed to theleft of the figure, and the arrow indicates the position of cyclin D3. B, MCF10A cells were serum-starved for 48 h and either untreated or treated with 25 μg/ml actinomycin D for 1 h and stimulated with complete media (Actino) or without (Control) actinomycin D for the times indicated. The resultant Western blots for cyclin D1 and c-Fos are shown. C, quantitation of the Western blots shown in B. Arbitrary units are expressed as relative to time zero.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Several pharmacological inhibitors were used to investigate the pathways responsible for serum regulation of cyclin D expression. Treatment of MCF7 cells with the MAP kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059 for increasing amounts of time (33Pang L. Sawada T. Decker S.J. Saltiel A.R. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 13585-13588Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (896) Google Scholar, 34Alessi D.R. Cuenda A. Cohen P. Dudley D.T. Saltiel A.R. J. Biol. 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As shown in Fig. 6 B, treatment of MCF7 cells with either 250 nm rapamycin or 200 nm wortmannin, a concentration that specifically inhibits PI 3-kinase, or 50 nm LY294002 caused the down-regulation of both cyclin D1 and cyclin D3. Since rapamycin is immunosuppressive, we also tested the effect of rapamycin on a lymphoid cell line. Treatment of Jurkat cells with rapamycin caused the down-regulation of cyclin D3; however, cyclin D2 levels were unaffected (data not shown). Quantitation of these results is shown in Fig. 6 C. Rapamycin, wortmannin, and LY294002 treatment down-regulated D-type cyclins to approximately 50% of the control by 5–8 h of treatment while the MEK inhibitor had no effect. The Akt kinase is a downstream target of PI 3-kinase and is activated by platelet-derived growth factor, EGF, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor (28Franke T.F. Yang S. Chan T.O. Datta K. Kazlauskas A. Morrison D.K. Kaplan D.R. Tsichlis P.N. 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