Multiple myeloma is a malignant plasma cell neoplasm that affects more than 20,000 people each year and is the second most common hematologic malignancy. It is part of a spectrum of monoclonal plasma cell disorders, many of which do not require active therapy. During the past decade, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the disease process and factors that influence outcome, along with development of new drugs that are highly effective in controlling the disease and prolonging survival without compromising quality of life. Identification of well-defined and reproducible prognostic factors and introduction of new therapies with unique modes of action and impact on disease outcome have for the first time opened up the opportunity to develop risk-adapted strategies for managing this disease. Although these risk-adapted strategies have not been prospectively validated, enough evidence can be gathered from existing randomized trials, subgroup analyses, and retrospective studies to develop a working framework. This set of recommendations represents such an effort—the development of a set of consensus guidelines by a group of experts to manage patients with newly diagnosed disease based on an interpretation of the best available evidence. Multiple myeloma is a malignant plasma cell neoplasm that affects more than 20,000 people each year and is the second most common hematologic malignancy. It is part of a spectrum of monoclonal plasma cell disorders, many of which do not require active therapy. During the past decade, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the disease process and factors that influence outcome, along with development of new drugs that are highly effective in controlling the disease and prolonging survival without compromising quality of life. Identification of well-defined and reproducible prognostic factors and introduction of new therapies with unique modes of action and impact on disease outcome have for the first time opened up the opportunity to develop risk-adapted strategies for managing this disease. Although these risk-adapted strategies have not been prospectively validated, enough evidence can be gathered from existing randomized trials, subgroup analyses, and retrospective studies to develop a working framework. This set of recommendations represents such an effort—the development of a set of consensus guidelines by a group of experts to manage patients with newly diagnosed disease based on an interpretation of the best available evidence. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells and is the second most common hematologic neoplasm after lymphoma.1Kyle RA Rajkumar SV Multiple myeloma.Blood. 2008; 111: 2962-2972Crossref PubMed Scopus (252) Google Scholar An estimated 20,000 new patients will be diagnosed as having MM in 2009 in the United States.2Jemal A Siegel R Ward E Hao Y Xu J Thun MJ Cancer statistics, 2009.CA Cancer J Clin. 2009; 59: 225-249Crossref PubMed Scopus (6153) Google Scholar More than 10,000 patients die each year as a direct result of MM and its complications. Traditionally, MM has been thought of as incurable, but as treatments have improved in recent years, increasing numbers of patients are dying with, but not necessarily because of, their disease. Considerable progress has been made during the past decade in understanding the basic biology of this disease and in development of more effective therapies.3Kumar SK Rajkumar SV Dispenzieri A et al.Improved survival in multiple myeloma and the impact of novel therapies.Blood. 2008; 111: 2516-2520Crossref PubMed Scopus (556) Google Scholar One of the most important advances in the field has been the appreciation of the genetic heterogeneity that underlies this disease and its impact on the outcome of patients with myeloma.4Fonseca R Many and multiple myeloma(s).Leukemia. 2003; 17: 1943-1944Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 5Fonseca R Barlogie B Bataille R et al.Genetics and cytogenetics of multiple myeloma: a workshop report.Cancer Res. 2004; 64: 1546-1558Crossref PubMed Scopus (363) Google Scholar These newly identified genetic abnormalities, along with previously described prognostic factors, have opened up the possibility of prospective risk stratification of patients with MM and subsequent tailoring of therapy in an individualized manner.6Stewart AK Bergsagel PL Greipp PR et al.A practical guide to defining high-risk myeloma for clinical trials, patient counseling and choice of therapy.Leukemia. 2007; 21: 529-534Crossref PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar The availability of new drugs that are highly effective in controlling the disease and a better understanding of the differential impact of these drugs in the different risk groups of myeloma have further enhanced the ability to move toward a risk-adapted treatment strategy. This concept was originally put forth in the form of Mayo Stratification of Myelomaand Risk-Adapted Therapy (mSMART) consensus guidelines published in 2007.7Dispenzieri A Rajkumar SV Gertz MA et al.Treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma based on Mayo Stratification of Myeloma and Risk-adapted Therapy (mSMART): consensus statement.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 323-341PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 8Lonial S Designing risk-adapted therapy for multiple myeloma: the Mayo perspective [editorial].Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 279-281PubMed Google Scholar Semiannually, the guidelines have been modified as new data become available; the most current guidelines are always available at www.mSMART.org. These guidelines represent an attempt to offer a simplified, primarily evidence-based algorithm for making treatment decisions for patients with newly diagnosed MM. Similar recommendations have been put forth by Mayo Clinic physicians to guide treatment of other cancers.9Markovic SN Erickson LA Rao RD Melanoma Study Group of the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center et al.Malignant melanoma in the 21st century, part 1: epidemiology, risk factors, screening, prevention, and diagnosis.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 364-380PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 10Markovic SN Erickson LA Rao RD Melanoma Study Group of the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center et al.Malignant melanoma in the 21st century, part 2: staging, prognosis, and treatment.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 490-513Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 11Alberts SR Gores GJ Kim GP et al.Treatment options for hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancer.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 628-637Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar, 12Aletti GD Gallenberg MM Cliby WA Jatoi A Hartmann LC Current management strategies for ovarian cancer.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 751-770PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 13Pruthi S Brandt KR Degnim AC et al.A multidisciplinary approach to the management of breast cancer, part 1: prevention and diagnosis.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 999-1012Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar, 14Pruthi S Boughey JC Brandt KR et al.A multidisciplinary approach to the management of breast cancer, part 2: therapeutic considerations.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 1131-1140Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar, 15Buckner JC Brown PD O'Neill BP Meyer FB Wetmore CJ Uhm JH Central nervous system tumors.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 1271-1286Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar, 16Long III, HJ Laack NN Gostout BS Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cervical cancer.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 1566-1574Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar, 17Bakkum-Gamez JN Gonzalez-Bosquet J Laack NN Mariani A Dowdy SC Current issues in the management of endometrial cancer.Mayo Clin Proc. 2008; 83: 97-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar, 18Sher T Dy GK Adjei AA Small cell lung cancer.Mayo Clin Proc. 2008; 83: 355-367Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar, 19Molina JR Yang P Cassivi SD Schild SE Adjei AA Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship.Mayo Clin Proc. 2008; 83: 584-594PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 20Sekulic A Haluska Jr, P Miller AJ Melanoma Study Group of the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center et al.Malignant melanoma in the 21st century: the emerging molecular landscape.Mayo Clin Proc. 2008; 83: 825-846Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar When specific evidence is lacking, our group of 21 Mayo Clinic myeloma experts reached a consensus based on current practice patterns. The preferential use of oral vs intravenous therapies, when evidence does not conclusively favor one over the other, is largely a function of our practice pattern, rather than any implied statement about differences in efficacy. Long-term management of patients with newly diagnosed MM can be broadly divided into the following components. In the subsequent sections, we analyze the available evidence to support specific guidelines for each of these steps. 1.Diagnose and determine need for treatment.2.Stratify risk.3.Initiate therapy to control disease and treat or reverse complications.4.Consolidate initial response.5.Maintain response. In addition, treatment of disease complications and institution of appropriate supportive care measures are the cornerstone of disease management and should be considered at every stage of the disease. In this set of guidelines, we limit our discussion of supportive care to those steps needed to decrease the risk of thrombotic complications associated with the new therapeutic regimens. A detailed set of guidelines regarding supportive care of patients with MM will be the focus of another manuscript. The criteria used to evaluate available evidence and the strength of the recommendations are detailed in Table 1.TABLE 1Classification System for Levels of Evidence and Grades of RecommendationsType of evidenceLevel IEvidence obtained from meta-analysis of multiple, well-designed, controlled studies. Randomized trials with low false-positive and low false-negative errors (high power) IIEvidence obtained from at least 1 well-designed experimental study. Randomized trials with high false-positive and/or false-negative errors (low power) IIIEvidence obtained from well-designed, quasiexperimental studies such as nonrandomized, controlled single-group, pre-post, cohort, time, or matched case-control series IVEvidence from well-designed, nonexperimental studies, such as comparative and correlational descriptive and case studies VEvidence from case reports and clinical examplesGrade of recommendationGrade AEvidence of type I or consistent findings from multiple studies of type II, III, or IV BEvidence of type II, III, or IV, and findings are generally consistent CEvidence of type II, III, or IV, but findings are inconsistent DMinimal or no systematic empirical evidence Open table in a new tab Multiple myeloma is almost always preceded by monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), an asymptomatic phase characterized by a relatively small burden of clonal plasma cells and low levels of monoclonal protein.21Landgren O Gridley G Turesson I et al.Risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and subsequent multiple myeloma among African American and white veterans in the United States.Blood. 2006; 107: 904-906Crossref PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar Patients with MGUS have a small risk of progression (1% per year) to MM and require only observation.22Kyle RA Therneau TM Rajkumar SV et al.A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 564-569Crossref PubMed Scopus (580) Google Scholar, 23Landgren O Katzmann JA Hsing AW et al.Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance among men in Ghana.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 1468-1473Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar, 24Iwanaga M Tagawa M Tsukasaki K Kamihira S Tomonaga M Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: study of 52,802 persons in Nagasaki City, Japan.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 1474-1479Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar In some individuals, an intervening phase of smoldering MM (SMM) can be identified, which is characterized by a higher burden of malignant plasma cells and higher levels of monoclonal proteins.25Kyle RA Greipp PR Smoldering multiple myeloma.N Engl J Med. 1980; 302: 1347-1349Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Although SMM has a much higher risk of progression to symptomatic myeloma (10% per year in the first 5 years), many of these patients can be observed for years before any active therapy is required.26Kyle RA Remstein ED Therneau TM et al.Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma.N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 2582-2590Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar Given the lack of any demonstrated benefit for initiating therapy for this early disease stage,27Hjorth M Hellquist L Holmberg E Magnusson B Rödjer S Westin J Myeloma Group of Western Sweden Initial versus deferred melphalan-prednisone therapy for asymptomatic multiple myeloma stage I—a randomized study.Eur J Haematol. 1993; 50: 95-102Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 28Riccardi A Mora O Tinelli C Cooperative Group of Study and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma et al.Long-term survival of stage I multiple myeloma given chemotherapy just after diagnosis or at progression of the disease: a multicentre randomized study.Br J Cancer. 2000; 82: 1254-1260Crossref PubMed Google Scholar it is important to distinguish this presymptomatic phase from symptomatic myeloma that requires therapy. However, availability of more active drugs has once again raised the question of early intervention to prevent progression of SMM, and current trials are evaluating this issue.29Lust JA Lacy MQ Zeldenrust SR et al.Induction of a chronic disease state in patients with smoldering or indolent multiple myeloma by targeting interleukin 1β-induced interleukin 6 production and the myeloma proliferative component.Mayo Clin Proc. 2009; 84: 114-122Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar The diagnosis of active symptomatic MM requiring therapy should be based on end-organ effects of the disease30International Myeloma Working Group Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group.Br J Haematol. 2003; 121: 749-757Crossref PubMed Scopus (837) Google Scholar (Table 2). Although the presence of an M protein is the hallmark of myeloma, 1% to 2% of patients will have nonsecretory myeloma with no M protein detectable on serum or urine electrophoresis or elevated κ or λ light chains on free light chain assay. Finally, other disorders associated with monoclonal proteins, such as amyloidosis, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, or POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrine, monoclonal protein, and skin) syndrome, should be kept in the differential diagnosis when the diagnosis of myeloma is being considered.TABLE 2International Myeloma Working Group Diagnostic Criteria for MGUS, SMM, and MMaMGUS = monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; MM = multiple myeloma; SMM = smoldering MM. MGUS Serum monoclonal protein (<30 g/L)Bone marrow <10% plasma cellsNo evidence of other B-cell proliferative disordersNo related organ or tissue impairmentbAbsence of CRAB (Calcium elevation [>1 mg/dL above upper limit of normal], Renal dysfunction [creatinine >2 g/dL], Anemia [hemoglobin, 2 g/dL below lower limit of normal], Bone lesions [lytic lesions or osteoporosis with compression fracture] attributable to the plasma cell disorder).SMM (asymptomatic) Serum monoclonal protein (≥30 g/L) and/orBone marrow clonal plasma cells ≥10%No related organ or tissue impairmentbAbsence of CRAB (Calcium elevation [>1 mg/dL above upper limit of normal], Renal dysfunction [creatinine >2 g/dL], Anemia [hemoglobin, 2 g/dL below lower limit of normal], Bone lesions [lytic lesions or osteoporosis with compression fracture] attributable to the plasma cell disorder).MM (active or symptomatic) Bone marrow clonal plasma cells ≥10%Monoclonal protein present in serum and/or urineClonal bone marrow plasma cells or plasmacytomaRelated organ or tissue impairmentbAbsence of CRAB (Calcium elevation [>1 mg/dL above upper limit of normal], Renal dysfunction [creatinine >2 g/dL], Anemia [hemoglobin, 2 g/dL below lower limit of normal], Bone lesions [lytic lesions or osteoporosis with compression fracture] attributable to the plasma cell disorder).a MGUS = monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; MM = multiple myeloma; SMM = smoldering MM.b Absence of CRAB (Calcium elevation [>1 mg/dL above upper limit of normal], Renal dysfunction [creatinine >2 g/dL], Anemia [hemoglobin, 2 g/dL below lower limit of normal], Bone lesions [lytic lesions or osteoporosis with compression fracture] attributable to the plasma cell disorder). Open table in a new tab Recommendation: Multiple myeloma should be diagnosed in accordance with the International Myeloma Working Group criteria, and therapy should be initiated only for symptomatic disease.30International Myeloma Working Group Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group.Br J Haematol. 2003; 121: 749-757Crossref PubMed Scopus (837) Google Scholar Symptomatic MM should be clearly distinguished from MGUS and SMM because these patients do not need therapy. Patients who otherwise satisfy the criteria for myeloma but are symptomatic due to amyloidosis or POEMS syndrome should be managed differently, taking into consideration the manifestations of the associated condition. Level of Evidence: II Grade of Recommendation: A Multiple myeloma has very heterogeneous outcomes. At one end of the spectrum are patients with more aggressive disease that becomes rapidly resistant to available therapies, and they die of the disease. At the other end of the spectrum are patients with relatively indolent disease who require intermittent therapy and have a lengthy survival. The ability to identify these groups of patients prospectively has always been important. However, because of the increasing number of available therapies with different mechanisms of action, this ability has become particularly relevant for development of risk-adapted therapeutic strategies.31Fonseca R Stewart AK Targeted therapeutics for multiple myeloma: the arrival of a risk-stratified approach.Mol Cancer Ther. 2007; 6: 802-810Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar This approach, mSMART, forms the cornerstone of our recommendations. Several disease- and host-related factors have been shown to influence the disease course in myeloma, but there is increasing appreciation that the primary driver is the genetic heterogeneity present in the disease.32Avet-Loiseau H Attal M Moreau P et al.Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome.Blood. 2007; 109: 3489-3495Crossref PubMed Scopus (311) Google Scholar, 33Avet-Loiseau H Role of genetics in prognostication in myeloma.Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2007; 20: 625-635Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar, 34Fonseca R Oken MM Harrington D et al.Deletions of chromosome 13 in multiple myeloma identified by interphase FISH usually denote large deletions of the q arm or monosomy.Leukemia. 2001; 15: 981-986Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar, 35Fonseca R Harrington D Oken MM et al.Biological and prognostic significance of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of chromosome 13 abnormalities (Δ13) in multiple myeloma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 715-720PubMed Google Scholar, 36Fonseca R Coignet LJ Dewald GW Cytogenetic abnormalities in multiple myeloma.Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1999; 13 (viii): 1169-1180Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar Several genetic risk stratification systems using different genetic abnormalities have been proposed, but no universally accepted system exists.32Avet-Loiseau H Attal M Moreau P et al.Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome.Blood. 2007; 109: 3489-3495Crossref PubMed Scopus (311) Google Scholar, 37Chiecchio L Protheroe RK Ibrahim AH et al.Deletion of chromosome 13 detected by conventional cytogenetics is a critical prognostic factor in myeloma.Leukemia. 2006; 20: 1610-1617Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 38Fassas AB Spencer T Sawyer J et al.Both hypodiploidy and deletion of chromosome 13 independently confer poor prognosis in multiple myeloma.Br J Haematol. 2002; 118: 1041-1047Crossref PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar, 39Facon T Avet-Loiseau H Guillerm G Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome et al.Chromosome 13 abnormalities identified by FISH analysis and serum β2-microglobulin produce a powerful myeloma staging system for patients receiving high-dose therapy.Blood. 2001; 97: 1566-1571Crossref PubMed Scopus (263) Google Scholar, 40Tricot G Barlogie B Jagannath S et al.Poor prognosis in multiple myeloma is associated only with partial or complete deletions of chromosome 13 or abnormalities involving 11q and not with other karyotype abnormalities.Blood. 1995; 86: 4250-4256PubMed Google Scholar, 41Königsberg R Zojer N Ackermann J et al.Predictive role of interphase cytogenetics for survival of patients with multiple myeloma.J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18: 804-812PubMed Google Scholar, 42Fonseca R Blood E Rue M et al.Clinical and biologic implications of recurrent genomic aberrations in myeloma.Blood. 2003; 101: 4569-4575Crossref PubMed Scopus (294) Google Scholar, 43Smadja NV Bastard C Brigaudeau C Leroux D Fruchart C Groupe Français de Cytogénétique Hématologique Hypodiploidy is a major prognostic factor in multiple myeloma.Blood. 2001; 98: 2229-2238Crossref PubMed Scopus (209) Google Scholar Although classifications such as the International Staging System (ISS)44Greipp PR San Miguel J Durie BG et al.International staging system for multiple myeloma.J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23: 3412-3420Crossref PubMed Scopus (789) Google Scholar and the Durie-Salmon staging system,45Durie BG Salmon SE Moon TE Pretreatment tumor mass, cell kinetics, and prognosis in multiple myeloma.Blood. 1980; 55: 364-372PubMed Google Scholar have significant clinical utility, we defined high-risk myeloma primarily on the basis of the genetic characteristics and plasma cell proliferative rate. We took this approach because of the relative specificity of these findings and data showing their relevance in the setting of current treatment approaches such as stem cell transplant (SCT) and the immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and bortezomib. Thus, the current high-risk classification is a practical approach based on the results of 3 tests: plasma cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), metaphase cytogenetics, and plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) (Figure 1). We do not recommend that this system replace the existing prognostic systems or variables being used; these nongenetic factors, including the ISS, are still valuable, especially in the standard-risk population. Presence or absence of specific genetic abnormalities allows us to classify patients as having hyperdiploid or nonhyperdiploid myeloma.5Fonseca R Barlogie B Bataille R et al.Genetics and cytogenetics of multiple myeloma: a workshop report.Cancer Res. 2004; 64: 1546-1558Crossref PubMed Scopus (363) Google Scholar, 33Avet-Loiseau H Role of genetics in prognostication in myeloma.Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2007; 20: 625-635Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar Hyperdiploid myeloma is characterized by trisomies of various odd-numbered chromosomes, especially 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, or 21, and is observed in 50% to 60% of patients.46Drach J Schuster J Nowotny H et al.Multiple myeloma: high incidence of chromosomal aneuploidy as detected by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization.Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 3854-3859PubMed Google Scholar, 47Pérez-Simón JA García-Sanz R Tabernero MD et al.Prognostic value of numerical chromosome aberrations in multiple myeloma: A FISH analysis of 15 different chromosomes.Blood. 1998; 91: 3366-3371PubMed Google Scholar, 48García-Sanz R Orfão A González M et al.Prognostic implications of DNA aneuploidy in 156 untreated multiple myeloma patients. 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the sites (genes) typically involved are 11q13 (CCND1), 6p21 (CCND3), 16q23 (MAF), 20q12 (MAFB), and 4p16 (FGFR3 and MMSET).51Bergsagel PL Kuehl WM Molecular pathogenesis and a consequent classification of multiple myeloma.J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23: 6333-6338Crossref PubMed Scopus (227) Google Scholar In addition, monoallelic loss of chromosome 13 or deletion of its long arm (del 13q) can be seen in nearly 15% of patients when examined by conventionalcytogenetics and in as many as 50% when FISH is used.35Fonseca R Harrington D Oken MM et al.Biological and prognostic significance of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of chromosome 13 abnormalities (Δ13) in multiple myeloma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 715-720PubMed Google Scholar, 39Facon T Avet-Loiseau H Guillerm G Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome et al.Chromosome 13 abnormalities identified by FISH analysis and serum β2-microglobulin produce a powerful myeloma staging system for patients receiving high-dose therapy.Blood. 2001; 97: 1566-1571Crossref PubMed Scopus (263) Google Scholar, 40Tricot G Barlogie B Jagannath S et al.Poor prognosis in multiple myeloma is associated only with partial or complete deletions of chromosome 13 or abnormalities involving 11q and not with other karyotype abnormalities.Blood. 1995; 86: 4250-4256PubMed Google Scholar, 41Königsberg R Zojer N Ackermann J et al.Predictive role of interphase cytogenetics for survival of patients with multiple myeloma.J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18: 804-812PubMed Google Scholar, 52Desikan R Barlogie B Sawyer J et al.Results of high-dose therapy for 1000 patients with multiple myeloma: durable complete remissions and superior survival in the absence of chromosome 13 abnormalities.Blood. 2000; 95: 4008-4010PubMed Google Scholar, 53Chng WJ Santana-Dávila R Van Wier SA et al.Prognostic factors for hyperdiploid-myeloma: effects of chromosome 13 deletions and IgH translocations.Leukemia. 2006; 20: 807-813Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar Additional abnormalities with clinical relevance include deletion of 17p13, leading to loss of the tumor suppressor gene p53.54Drach J Ackermann J Fritz E et al.Presence of a p53 gene deletion in patients with multiple myeloma predicts for short survival after conventional-dose chemotherapy.Blood. 1998; 92: 802-809PubMed Google Scholar, 55Avet-Loiseau H Li JY Godon C et al.p53 deletion is not a frequent event in multiple myeloma.Br J Haematol. 1999; 106: 717-719Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar The prognostic relevance of these genetic abnormalities has been examined in multiple studies in the context of different therapies.32Avet-Loiseau H Attal M Moreau P et al.Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome.Blood. 2007; 109: 3489-3495Crossref PubMed Scopus (311) Google Scholar, 37Chiecchio L Protheroe RK Ibrahim AH et al.Deletion of chromosome 13 detected by conventional cytogenetics is a critical prognostic factor in myeloma.Leukemia. 2006; 20: 1610-1617Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 38Fassas AB Spencer T Sawyer J et al.Both hypodiploidy and deletion of chromosome 13 independently confer poor prognosis in multiple myeloma.Br J Haematol. 2002; 118: 1041-1047Crossref PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar, 39Facon T Avet-Loiseau H Guillerm G Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome et al.Chromosome 13 abnormalities identified by FISH analysis and serum β2-microglobulin produce a powerful myeloma staging system for patients receiving high-dose therapy.Blood. 2001; 97: 1566-1571Crossref PubMed Scopus (263) Google Scholar, 40Tricot G Barlogie B Jagannath S et al.Poor prognosis in multiple myeloma is associated only with partial or complete deletions of chromosome 13 or abnormalities involving 11q and not with other karyotype abnormalities.Blood. 1995; 86: 4250-4256PubMed Google Scholar, 41Königsberg R Zojer N Ackermann J et al.Predictive role of interphase cytogenetics for survival of patients with multiple