Tau in Alzheimer disease brain is highly phosphorylated and aggregated into paired helical filaments comprising characteristic neurofibrillary tangles. Here we have analyzed insoluble Tau (PHF-tau) extracted from Alzheimer brain by mass spectrometry and identified 11 novel phosphorylation sites, 10 of which were assigned unambiguously to specific amino acid residues. This brings the number of directly identified sites in PHF-tau to 39, with an additional six sites indicated by reactivity with phosphospecific antibodies to Tau. We also identified five new phosphorylation sites in soluble Tau from control adult human brain, bringing the total number of reported sites to nine. To assess which kinases might be responsible for Tau phosphorylation, we used mass spectrometry to determine which sites were phosphorylated in vitro by several kinases. Casein kinase 1δ and glycogen synthase kinase-3β were each found to phosphorylate numerous sites, and each kinase phosphorylated at least 15 sites that are also phosphorylated in PHF-tau from Alzheimer brain. A combination of casein kinase 1δ and glycogen synthase kinase-3β activities could account for over three-quarters of the serine/threonine phosphorylation sites identified in PHF-tau, indicating that casein kinase 1δ may have a role, together with glycogen synthase kinase-3β, in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Tau in Alzheimer disease brain is highly phosphorylated and aggregated into paired helical filaments comprising characteristic neurofibrillary tangles. Here we have analyzed insoluble Tau (PHF-tau) extracted from Alzheimer brain by mass spectrometry and identified 11 novel phosphorylation sites, 10 of which were assigned unambiguously to specific amino acid residues. This brings the number of directly identified sites in PHF-tau to 39, with an additional six sites indicated by reactivity with phosphospecific antibodies to Tau. We also identified five new phosphorylation sites in soluble Tau from control adult human brain, bringing the total number of reported sites to nine. To assess which kinases might be responsible for Tau phosphorylation, we used mass spectrometry to determine which sites were phosphorylated in vitro by several kinases. Casein kinase 1δ and glycogen synthase kinase-3β were each found to phosphorylate numerous sites, and each kinase phosphorylated at least 15 sites that are also phosphorylated in PHF-tau from Alzheimer brain. A combination of casein kinase 1δ and glycogen synthase kinase-3β activities could account for over three-quarters of the serine/threonine phosphorylation sites identified in PHF-tau, indicating that casein kinase 1δ may have a role, together with glycogen synthase kinase-3β, in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. In Alzheimer disease one of the primary neuropathological characteristics is the presence of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles assembled from paired helical filaments (PHF) 4The abbreviations used are: PHF, paired helical filaments; Aβ, amyloid β-peptide; CK1δ, casein kinase 1δ; CK2, casein kinase 2; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; PKA, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MRM, multireaction monitoring. comprised of Tau protein in a hyperphosphorylated state (PHF-tau) (1Brion J-P. Passareiro H. Nunez J. Flament-Durand J. Arch. Biol. 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Cairns N.J. Crowther R.A. Neuron. 1992; 8: 159-168Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (914) Google Scholar, 7Alonso A.D. Zaidi T. Novak M. Barra H.S. Grundke-Iqbal I. Iqbal K. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 37967-37973Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar). Because the development of Tau pathology is related to its phosphorylation state, it is important to determine the phosphorylation sites on PHF-tau that lead to the abnormal characteristics of insolubility and aggregation that define Tau in Alzheimer brain. To date, there have been only a few reports using direct sequencing methods such as Edman degradation or mass spectrometry (MS) to identify directly the phosphorylation sites on Tau in Alzheimer disease and Tau from control human brain (8Hasegawa M. Morishima Kawashima M. Takio K. Suzuki M. Titani K. Ihara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 17047-17054Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 9Morishima-Kawashima M. Hasegawa M. Takio K. Suzuki M. Yoshida H. Titani K. Ihara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 823-829Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (529) Google Scholar, 10Hanger D.P. Betts J.C. Loviny T.L.F. Blackstock W.P. Anderton B.H. J. Neurochem. 1998; 71: 2465-2476Crossref PubMed Scopus (337) Google Scholar, 11Vega I.E. Cui L. Propst J.A. Hutton M.L. Lee G. Yen S.H. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2005; 138: 135-144Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar). Additional phosphorylation sites have been mapped using phosphorylation-dependent antibodies to Tau to label tangles and PHF-tau preparations from Alzheimer brain (12Ishiguro K. Sato K. Takamatsu M. Park J.M. Uchida T. Imahori K. Neurosci. Lett. 1995; 202: 81-84Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar, 13Lee G. Thangavel R. Sharma V.M. Litersky J.M. Bhaskar K. Fang S.M. Do L.H. Andreadis A. Van Hoesen G. Ksiezak-Reding H. J. Neurosci. 2004; 24: 2304-2312Crossref PubMed Scopus (324) Google Scholar, 14Iqbal K. Grundke Iqbal I. Smith A.J. George L. Tung Y.C. Zaidi T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989; 86: 5646-5650Crossref PubMed Scopus (230) Google Scholar, 15Brion J.P. Hanger D.P. Bruce M.T. Couck A.M. Flament-Durand J. Anderton B.H. Biochem. J. 1991; 273: 127-133Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar, 16Lee V.M. Balin B.J. Otvos L.J. Trojanowski J.Q. Science. 1991; 251: 675-678Crossref PubMed Scopus (1253) Google Scholar). In recent years, improvements in MS methods have resulted in increased sensitivity and specificity of detection of post-translational modifications on proteins. In particular, highly resolving high pressure liquid chromatography has been used to simplify the complex peptide mixtures present in protein digests, and this, combined with tandem MS/MS (LC-MS/MS), has resulted in greatly enhanced protein sequence coverage (17Husi H. Ward M.A. Choudhary J.S. Blackstock W.P. Grant S.G. Nat. Neurosci. 2000; 3: 661-669Crossref PubMed Scopus (1029) Google Scholar, 18Mann M. Jensen O.N. Nat. Biotechnol. 2003; 21: 255-261Crossref PubMed Scopus (1650) Google Scholar). We report here our exploitation of this powerful technology to determine close to the full complement of phosphorylation sites on PHF-tau. Several proline-directed and non-proline-directed protein kinases have been suggested to have a role in the generation of PHF-tau in Alzheimer brain (19Lau L.F. Schachter J.B. Seymour P.A. Sanner M.A. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2002; 2: 395-415Crossref PubMed Scopus (60) Google Scholar), including casein kinase 1 (CK1), but this enzyme has been relatively little studied as a Tau kinase. The role of CK1δ as a potential Tau kinase is of particular interest because it has been reported that CK1δ protein is increased more than 30-fold in the hippocampus of Alzheimer brain compared with equivalent controls (20Ghoshal N. Smiley J.F. DeMaggio A.J. Hoekstra M.F. Cochran E.J. Binder L.I. Kuret J. Am. J. Pathol. 1999; 155: 1163-1172Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (126) Google Scholar), although its mRNA content is increased 24-fold (21Yasojima K. Kuret J. DeMaggio A.J. McGeer E. McGeer P.L. Brain Res. 2000; 865: 116-120Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar) and CK1 has also been shown to be tightly associated with PHF (22Kuret J. Johnson G.S. Cha D. Christenson E.R. DeMaggio A.J. Hoekstra M.F. J. Neurochem. 1997; 69: 2506-2515Crossref PubMed Scopus (80) Google Scholar). Recently, CK1δ has been reported to phosphorylate Tau at two epitopes detected using phosphospecific monoclonal antibodies to Tau, and exogenous expression of CK1δ in non-neuronal cells reduces binding of Tau to microtubules (23Li G. Yin H. Kuret J. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 15938-15945Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar). Of note in the context of Alzheimer disease is a report that CK1 activity is stimulated by amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), a component of the senile neuritic plaques that together with tangles characterize Alzheimer brain (24Chauhan A. Chauhan V.P. Murakami N. Brockerhoff H. Wisniewski H.M. Brain Res. 1993; 629: 47-52Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar). Further evidence for the possible involvement of CK1 in Alzheimer disease comes from the reported influence of CK1 in the regulation of Aβ production in neurons (25Flajolet M. He G. Heiman M. Lin A. Nairn A.C. Greengard P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2007; 104: 4159-4164Crossref PubMed Scopus (153) Google Scholar). In this study we present our findings of 11 previously unidentified phosphorylation sites in PHF-tau, all on serine and threonine residues. Ten of these 11 sites could be assigned unambiguously to particular hydroxyamino acids, the remaining one being on either of two closely spaced residues. Because only one of these new phosphorylation sites is proline-directed, we have investigated potential candidate Ser/Thr Tau kinases that are not dependent on Ser-Pro or Thr-Pro motifs. We report here new phosphorylation sites on Tau generated by the activities of casein kinase 1δ (CK1δ), casein kinase 2 (CK2), cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), individually and in combination. We have found that at least six of the new phosphorylation sites as well as many of the previously identified sites in PHF-tau can be generated by CK1δ. The finding of a significant number of phosphorylation sites in PHF-tau for which CK1 is a strong candidate kinase, including three for which it is the only known kinase, implies that CK1 may make an important contribution to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Materials—Frozen post-mortem human brain (frontal and temporal cortex) from clinically and pathologically confirmed Alzheimer disease and control human brain was obtained from the MRC Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank at the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK. Sequencing-grade trypsin and Asp-N were obtained from Roche Applied Science. The following purified recombinant protein kinases expressed in bacteria were obtained from New England Biolabs: CK1δΔ317 (truncated at residue 317, which exhibits increased enzyme activity relative to wild-type CK1δ (26Graves P.R. Roach P.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 21689-21694Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar)); CK2 from a clone expressing both α and β subunits; PKA catalytic subunit, α isoform; and GSK-3β, intact and unmodified. Purified recombinant cyclin-dependent kinase-5/p25, expressed in Sf21 insect cells, was obtained from Upstate. Purification of PHF-tau from Alzheimer Brain—PHF-tau was prepared from human post-mortem Alzheimer brain, including phosphatase inhibitors, as described previously (10Hanger D.P. Betts J.C. Loviny T.L.F. Blackstock W.P. Anderton B.H. J. Neurochem. 1998; 71: 2465-2476Crossref PubMed Scopus (337) Google Scholar). Samples were analyzed on Western blots probed with antibody to Tau as described (10Hanger D.P. Betts J.C. Loviny T.L.F. Blackstock W.P. Anderton B.H. J. Neurochem. 1998; 71: 2465-2476Crossref PubMed Scopus (337) Google Scholar), except that the secondary antibody was coupled to horseradish peroxidase, and blots were developed using enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham Biosciences). Preparation of Tau from Human Control Brain—A heat-stable preparation of soluble Tau from control human brain was prepared in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors as described previously, omitting the chromatography stages (27Mulot S.F.C. Hughes K. Woodgett J.R. Anderton B.H. Hanger D.P. FEBS Lett. 1994; 349: 359-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar). Preparation and Purification of Recombinant Human Tau—A plasmid expressing the largest (2N4R) Tau isoform was used to prepare and purify recombinant human Tau as described previously (27Mulot S.F.C. Hughes K. Woodgett J.R. Anderton B.H. Hanger D.P. FEBS Lett. 1994; 349: 359-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar). Phosphorylation of Recombinant Tau by Protein Kinases—Recombinant human Tau (40 μg/ml) was incubated with 67 units/ml CK1δ, 67 units/ml CK2, 67 units/ml GSK-3β, 167 units/ml PKA, or 19 units/ml cyclin-dependent kinase-5/p25, in 50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mm MgCl2, 5mm dithiothreitol, 3mm ATP for 6 h at 30°C (the kinase activity units used are nanomoles/min at 30 °C). In-gel Proteolytic Digestion of Tau—PHF-tau or in vitro phosphorylated recombinant human Tau was separated on 10% (w/v) polyacrylamide gels and stained with colloidal Coomassie Blue G. Bands corresponding to Tau were excised, reduced, alkylated, and digested with trypsin or Asp-N as described previously (28Perkinton M.S. Standen C.L. Lau K.F. Kesavapany S. Byers H.L. Ward M. McLoughlin D.M. Miller C.C. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 22084-22091Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar). Tandem MS/MS of Tau Peptides—Peptides obtained by proteolytic digestion were separated by reversed-phase chromatography using an Ultimate liquid chromatography system (Dionex) and sequenced by tandem MS/MS using orthogonal quadrupole time-of-flight electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (Q-Tof micro™, Waters) as described previously (30Utton M.A. Connell J. Asuni A.A. Van Slegtenhorst M. Hutton M. de Silva R. Lees A.J Miller C.C Anderton B.H. J. Neurosci. 2002; 22: 6394-6400Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). The mass spectral data were searched against a data base containing the sequences of all the human brain Tau isoforms using the Mascot searching algorithm (Matrix Science). Phosphopeptides and unphosphorylated peptides of Tau were identified based on the following search criteria: protease used (i.e. trypsin or AspN) with up to three missed cleavages; phosphorylation of Ser, Thr, or Tyr; carbamidomethylation of cysteine; oxidized methionine; deamidation of asparagine (Asn) and glutamine; and N-acetylation. All amino acid modifications were set as variable modifications. Phosphorylated residues were determined by manual inspection of the mass spectral MS/MS data. Confirmatory data were also obtained using multireaction monitoring (MRM) (29Cox D.M. Zhong F. Du M. Duchoslav E. Sakuma T. McDermott J.C. J. Biomol. Tech. 2005; 16: 83-90PubMed Google Scholar) on a hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTRAP 4000 Applied Biosystems/MDS Sciex). Briefly, peptide masses and major fragment ion masses for phosphopeptides of interest were obtained from previous LC-MS/MS experiments. These masses were used to allow the instrument to focus on phosphopeptides of interest thus increasing specificity and sensitivity. MRM transitions that were triggered were confirmed to be the correct peptide using conclusive MS/MS data, the loss of phosphoric acid (98 Da) from the parent, or the correct mass and charge state depending on the quality of the data. Preparation and Treatment of Cortical Neurons with IC261—Primary cortical neurons were prepared from embryonic day 18 rats and cultured as described previously (30Utton M.A. Connell J. Asuni A.A. Van Slegtenhorst M. Hutton M. de Silva R. Lees A.J Miller C.C Anderton B.H. J. Neurosci. 2002; 22: 6394-6400Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). Cells were maintained at a density of 106 cells/well (6-well plate) in Neurobasal medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 2% (v/v) B27 supplement (Invitrogen), 2 mm l-glutamine, 100 IU penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin for 10 days prior to treatment. The CK1 inhibitor 3-[(2,3,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methylidenyl]-indolin-2-one (IC261, Calbiochem) was dissolved in Me2SO and stored at -20 °C as a 10 mm stock solution (31Behrend L. Milne D.M. Stoter M. Deppert W. Campbell L.E. Meek D.W. Knippschild U. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 5303-5313Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar). Rat cortical neurons were treated with 10 μm IC261 (or vehicle) for 4 h and (i) either harvested by removing the medium and scraping the cells into SDS-PAGE sample buffer (32Laemmli U.K. Nature. 1970; 227: 680-685Crossref PubMed Scopus (207537) Google Scholar), or (ii) the medium was replaced and neurons were incubated for a further hour in the absence of IC261 to assess recovery before harvesting into SDS-PAGE sample buffer. Western Blot Analysis of Neuronal Tau Phosphorylation—Neuronal lysates were resolved on 10% (w/v) SDS-PAGE, electroblotted onto nitrocellulose, and probed with primary antibodies. Blots were developed with IRDye800-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (Rockland Immunochemicals, Inc.) or IRdye 680-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibodies (Molecular Probes). Labeled Tau was visualized using an Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (Li-Cor Biosciences). Antibodies—The antibodies used were rabbit polyclonal antibodies to Tau, phosphorylation-independent (anti-human Tau, DAKO Cytomation, Denmark, and TP70 (33Brion J-P. Couck A.-M Robertson J. Loviny T.L.F. Anderton B.H. J. Neurochem. 1993; 60: 1372-1382Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar)) and phosphorylation-dependent Ser262 of Tau (Ser(P)262, Invitrogen). Mouse monoclonal antibody to β-actin (Abcam) was used to assess protein loading on blots. Mass Spectrometric Analysis of PHF-tau—Combining the LC-MS/MS data generated from each of the enzymatic digestions of PHF-tau resulted in 90% sequence coverage of PHF-tau, based on the amino acid sequence of the longest human Tau isoform in the central nervous system. This is equivalent to sequence coverage of 92% of the 85 phosphorylatable residues in Tau detected by MS/MS sequencing (Fig. 1, sequenced residues in uppercase, and supplemental Table S1). Following in-gel digestion and MS analysis of purified PHF-tau, we detected phosphopeptides corresponding to 36 different phosphorylation sites (Fig. 1). In this study we did not detect phosphorylation at Ser208 or Ser356, residues that have previously been reported to be phosphorylated on PHF-tau, despite obtaining full sequence coverage in these regions (Fig. 1). In the majority of cases, precise phosphorylation sites were identified, but we were unable to obtain sufficiently reliable MS/MS spectral data to ascertain the phosphorylation status of some residues, and as we found in our previous study (10Hanger D.P. Betts J.C. Loviny T.L.F. Blackstock W.P. Anderton B.H. J. Neurochem. 1998; 71: 2465-2476Crossref PubMed Scopus (337) Google Scholar), a short region close to the carboxyl terminus of Tau proved to be especially intractable to MS/MS analysis. In this region we frequently identified phosphopeptides with either one or two phosphorylation sites between residues Ser412 and Ser416, a sequence that includes four closely spaced potential phosphorylation sites at Ser412, Ser413, Thr414, and Ser416, but it was not possible to identify the exact individual phosphorylated residues because of repeated poor fragmentation that yielded only weak b ions (see supplemental Table S1). We did not obtain sequence coverage of residues 127-163 in this study (Fig. 1). This region includes Thr153 that has been suggested as a possible Tau phosphorylation site present in the Tau-immunoreactive smear characteristic of Alzheimer brain (9Morishima-Kawashima M. Hasegawa M. Takio K. Suzuki M. Yoshida H. Titani K. Ihara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 823-829Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (529) Google Scholar). A short eight-residue peptide corresponding to amino acids 291-298 was also not found, and this region contains a single potentially phosphorylatable residue at Ser293. In addition, we did not detect the amino-terminal methionine residue, which we presume is removed by post-translational modification because we found that Ala2 is N-acetylated on PHF-tau. Of the 36 phosphorylated residues we detected on PHF-tau, 11 are new sites not reported previously. This included phosphorylation on both Ser184 and Ser185, one site on either Ser184 or Ser185 having been detected by us in an earlier study (10Hanger D.P. Betts J.C. Loviny T.L.F. Blackstock W.P. Anderton B.H. J. Neurochem. 1998; 71: 2465-2476Crossref PubMed Scopus (337) Google Scholar) (Fig. 1, phosphorylation sites indicated in boldface and new sites in black and gray boxes). Nevertheless, our improved Tau sequence coverage resulted in the discovery of new phosphorylation sites, which brings to 39 (37 Ser/Thr and two Tyr) the total number of directly identified phosphorylation sites in PHF-tau. We used MRM-MS to confirm the presence of some of the novel phosphorylation sites in brain tissue from three additional cases of Alzheimer disease. The PHF-tau used for these studies was prepared as described previously (10Hanger D.P. Betts J.C. Loviny T.L.F. Blackstock W.P. Anderton B.H. J. Neurochem. 1998; 71: 2465-2476Crossref PubMed Scopus (337) Google Scholar) and above, except that the insoluble Tau was analyzed after solubilizing in SDS-PAGE sample buffer. These results showed that at least seven of the new sites were present in other Alzheimer brains and at least three of these residues were phosphorylated in all cases examined. In comparison, Tau phosphorylated at Ser422, a site suggested to be specific to Alzheimer brain, was among several phosphorylated residues that we detected in only one of the three additional cases. All the data, taken together and including both directly identified phosphorylation sites and those sites identified with phosphospecific antibodies, suggest there may be as many as 45 different phosphorylation sites on PHF-tau, although not all sites are necessarily phosphorylated in sufficient amounts for detection in all cases of Alzheimer disease. Phosphorylation in Different Regions of PHF-tau—We found two new phosphorylation sites within the microtubule-binding region of Tau (residues 244-368), Ser258 in the first repeat (exon 9) and Ser289 within the second repeat (exon 10, only expressed in 4R isoforms), which is in an equivalent position to Ser258 (see Fig. 2). This brings the total number of phosphorylated residues contained within the microtubule-binding domain of PHF-tau to four, because phosphorylation of Ser262 in the first repeat and Ser356 in the fourth repeat have been reported previously (9Morishima-Kawashima M. Hasegawa M. Takio K. Suzuki M. Yoshida H. Titani K. Ihara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 823-829Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (529) Google Scholar, 10Hanger D.P. Betts J.C. Loviny T.L.F. Blackstock W.P. Anderton B.H. J. Neurochem. 1998; 71: 2465-2476Crossref PubMed Scopus (337) Google Scholar, 11Vega I.E. Cui L. Propst J.A. Hutton M.L. Lee G. Yen S.H. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2005; 138: 135-144Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar). The most densely phosphorylated regions of Tau, which are rich in hydroxyamino acids, are the carboxyl-terminal region (394-441) and the central region (175-238), flanking the microtubule-binding region. We discovered four new phosphorylation sites near the carboxyl terminus of PHF-tau, namely Thr414/Ser416 (only one of these is phosphorylated, but the data do not allow unambiguous assignment to one or other residue), Thr427, Ser433, and Ser435. Phosphorylated Ser416 has been reported in Alzheimer brains using a phosphospecific antibody (34Yamamoto H. Hiragami Y. Murayama M. Ishizuka K. Kawahara M. Takashima A. J. Neurochem. 2005; 94: 1438-1447Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar), where it was primarily localized to the neuronal soma. The MS/MS spectra generated by peptides phosphorylated on Ser433 and Ser435 are shown in Fig. 3. Our results show that of the 13 Ser and Thr contained within the 50 most carboxyl terminal residues, 12 of these (92%) can be phosphorylated in PHF-tau. We also identified new phosphorylation sites in the central region of Tau. Both Ser184 and Ser185 were found to be phosphorylation sites (previously only one phosphorylation site was identified that could be assigned to either Ser184 or Ser185) (10Hanger D.P. Betts J.C. Loviny T.L.F. Blackstock W.P. Anderton B.H. J. Neurochem. 1998; 71: 2465-2476Crossref PubMed Scopus (337) Google Scholar). This sequence of 64 amino acids in the center of Tau contains 21 potential phosphorylation sites of which 18 (86%) have now been identified chemically. The phosphopeptides isolated from PHF-tau contained varying numbers of phosphates, showing that different PHF-tau molecules were differentially phosphorylated. From four short sequences of 7-10 amino acids (210-217, 231-238, 394-404, and 412-422), each containing four or five potential sites, we obtained peptides containing up to four phosphates (supplemental Table S1). Less phosphorylated peptides from these sequences were only seen in certain combinations, suggesting the possibility of “priming” or hierarchical phosphorylation (see “Discussion”). Other Post-translational Modifications in PHF-tau—In addition to phosphorylation, we detected N-acetylation and deamidation of PHF-tau, some of which has been reported previously by others (9Morishima-Kawashima M. Hasegawa M. Takio K. Suzuki M. Yoshida H. Titani K. Ihara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 823-829Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (529) Google Scholar, 35Watanabe A. Takio K. Ihara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 7368-7378Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (106) Google Scholar). N-Acetylation of Ala2 is consistent with the absence of the amino-terminal methionine in PHF-tau, and this modification is also found in Tau from normal human brain (see below) (8Hasegawa M. Morishima Kawashima M. Takio K. Suzuki M. Titani K. Ihara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 17047-17054Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). We detected deamidated Asn at positions 167, 265, 279, 286, 359, and 381 on PHF-tau, supporting and extending a previous report of deamidation at residues 167 and 279 in smeared Tau from Alzheimer brain (35Watanabe A. Takio K. Ihara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 7368-7378Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (106) Google Scholar). Such deamidation is consistent with the suggestion that PHF-tau may be N-glycosylated on Asn residues because deglycosylation can result in deamidated asparagine that could result in increased degradation of Tau (36Liu F. Zaidi T. Iqbal K. Grundke-Iqbal I. Merkle R.K. Gong C.X. FEBS Lett. 2002; 512: 101-106Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar, 37Watanabe A. Hong W.K. Dohmae N. Takio K. Morishima-Kawashima M. Ihara Y. J. Neurochem. 2004; 90: 1302-1311Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar). Phosphorylation of Tau from Control Human Brain—We obtained 85% sequence coverage of Tau from control adult human brain, based on the amino acid sequence of the longest human Tau isoform. This is equivalent to sequence coverage of 85% of the phosphorylatable residues in Tau (Fig. 4, sequenced residues in uppercase, and supplemental Table S3). Similar to PHF-tau, the initiator methionine was absent, and Ala2 was N-acetylated as reported previously (8Hasegawa M. Morishima Kawashima M. Takio K. Suzuki M. Titani K. Ihara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 17047-17054Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). We detected a total of eight phosphorylation sites in autopsy-derived normal human Tau, including five new sites (Ser46, Ser199, Ser416, and two out of three phosphorylatable residues in Ser412/Ser413/Thr414) and three sites (Thr181, Ser202, and Ser404) that have been reported previously (38Morishima-Kawashima M. Hasegawa M. Takio K. Suzuki M. Yoshida H. Watanabe A. Titani K. Ihara Y. Neurobiol. Aging. 1995; 16: 365-371Crossref PubMed Scopus (193) Google Scholar). We did not detect phosphorylation of Thr231 as had been reported by Morishima-Kawashima et al. (38Morishima-Kawashima M. Hasegawa M. Takio K. Suzuki M. Yoshida H. Watanabe A. Titani K. Ihara Y. Neurobiol. Aging. 1995; 16: 365-371Crossref PubMed Scopus (193) Google Scholar), but this residue is contained within a short sequence of 18 amino acids for which we were unable to obtain MS/MS sequence coverage. Our results, combined with those of Morishima-Kawashima et al. (38Morishima-Kawashima M. Hasegawa M. Takio K. Suzuki M. Yoshida H. Watanabe A. Titani K. Ihara Y. Neurobiol. Aging. 1995; 16: 365-371Crossref PubMed Scopus (193) Google Scholar), identified nine sites that can be phosphorylated in Tau extracted from normal adult post-mortem human brain. As with PHF-tau, we detected peptides corresponding to all six isoforms of Tau in control human brain (supplemental Table S4). In Vitro Phosphorylation of Recombinant Human Tau with Individual Protein Kinases—With our discovery of 11 new phosphorylation sites on PHF-tau, 10 of which are not proline-directed, we set out to determine which protein kinases are able to phosphorylate these sites in vitro. We selected four candidate kinases, CK1δ, CK2, PKA, and GSK-3β, bas