Article10 November 2020Open Access Transparent process Novel tau biomarkers phosphorylated at T181, T217 or T231 rise in the initial stages of the preclinical Alzheimer's continuum when only subtle changes in Aβ pathology are detected Marc Suárez-Calvet Marc Suárez-Calvet orcid.org/0000-0002-2993-569X Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, SpainThese authors contributed equally to this work Search for more papers by this author Thomas K Karikari Thomas K Karikari Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenThese authors contributed equally to this work Search for more papers by this author Nicholas J Ashton Nicholas J Ashton orcid.org/0000-0002-6353-9316 Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK Search for more papers by this author Juan Lantero Rodríguez Juan Lantero Rodríguez Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Search for more papers by this author Marta Milà-Alomà Marta Milà-Alomà Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Juan Domingo Gispert Juan Domingo Gispert Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Gemma Salvadó Gemma Salvadó Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Carolina Minguillon Carolina Minguillon Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Karine Fauria Karine Fauria Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Mahnaz Shekari Mahnaz Shekari Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Oriol Grau-Rivera Oriol Grau-Rivera Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Aleix Sala-Vila Aleix Sala-Vila Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author José Maria González-de-Echávarri José Maria González-de-Echávarri Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Gwendlyn Kollmorgen Gwendlyn Kollmorgen Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany Search for more papers by this author Erik Stoops Erik Stoops ADx NeuroSciences, Ghent, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Eugeen Vanmechelen Eugeen Vanmechelen ADx NeuroSciences, Ghent, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Henrik Zetterberg Henrik Zetterberg Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK Search for more papers by this author Kaj Blennow Corresponding Author Kaj Blennow [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-4193 Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden Search for more papers by this author José Luis Molinuevo Corresponding Author José Luis Molinuevo [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-0485-6001 Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author for the ALFA Study for the ALFA StudyThe complete list of collaborators of the ALFA Study can be found in the acknowledgements section. Search for more papers by this author Marc Suárez-Calvet Marc Suárez-Calvet orcid.org/0000-0002-2993-569X Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, SpainThese authors contributed equally to this work Search for more papers by this author Thomas K Karikari Thomas K Karikari Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenThese authors contributed equally to this work Search for more papers by this author Nicholas J Ashton Nicholas J Ashton orcid.org/0000-0002-6353-9316 Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK Search for more papers by this author Juan Lantero Rodríguez Juan Lantero Rodríguez Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Search for more papers by this author Marta Milà-Alomà Marta Milà-Alomà Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Juan Domingo Gispert Juan Domingo Gispert Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Gemma Salvadó Gemma Salvadó Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Carolina Minguillon Carolina Minguillon Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Karine Fauria Karine Fauria Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Mahnaz Shekari Mahnaz Shekari Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Oriol Grau-Rivera Oriol Grau-Rivera Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Aleix Sala-Vila Aleix Sala-Vila Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author José Maria González-de-Echávarri José Maria González-de-Echávarri Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author Gwendlyn Kollmorgen Gwendlyn Kollmorgen Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany Search for more papers by this author Erik Stoops Erik Stoops ADx NeuroSciences, Ghent, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Eugeen Vanmechelen Eugeen Vanmechelen ADx NeuroSciences, Ghent, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Henrik Zetterberg Henrik Zetterberg Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK Search for more papers by this author Kaj Blennow Corresponding Author Kaj Blennow [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-4193 Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden Search for more papers by this author José Luis Molinuevo Corresponding Author José Luis Molinuevo [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-0485-6001 Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Search for more papers by this author for the ALFA Study for the ALFA StudyThe complete list of collaborators of the ALFA Study can be found in the acknowledgements section. Search for more papers by this author Author Information Marc Suárez-Calvet1,2,3,4, Thomas K Karikari5, Nicholas J Ashton5,6,7,8, Juan Lantero Rodríguez5, Marta Milà-Alomà1,2,4,9, Juan Domingo Gispert1,2,9,10, Gemma Salvadó1,2, Carolina Minguillon1,2,4, Karine Fauria1,4, Mahnaz Shekari1,2,9, Oriol Grau-Rivera1,2,3,4, Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo1,2,4, Aleix Sala-Vila1,2, Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides1,2,4, José Maria González-de-Echávarri1,2, Gwendlyn Kollmorgen11, Erik Stoops12, Eugeen Vanmechelen12, Henrik Zetterberg5,13,14,15, Kaj Blennow *,5,13, José Luis Molinuevo *,1,2,4,9, , Annabella Beteta, Raffaele Cacciaglia, Alba Cañas, Carme Deulofeu, Irene Cumplido, Ruth Dominguez, Maria Emilio, Carles Falcon, Sherezade Fuentes, Laura Hernandez, Gema Huesa, Jordi Huguet, Paula Marne, Tania Menchón, Grégory Operto, Albina Polo, Sandra Pradas, Anna Soteras, Marc Vilanova and Natalia Vilor-Tejedor 1Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain 2IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain 3Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain 4Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de sFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain 5Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 6Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 7Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK 8NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK 9Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain 10Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain 11Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany 12ADx NeuroSciences, Ghent, Belgium 13Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden 14Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 15UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK *Corresponding author. Tel: +46 0313421000; E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author. Tel: +34 933160990; E-mail: [email protected] EMBO Mol Med (2020)12:e12921https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202012921 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. Peer ReviewDownload a summary of the editorial decision process including editorial decision letters, reviewer comments and author responses to feedback. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info Abstract In Alzheimer's disease (AD), tau phosphorylation in the brain and its subsequent release into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood is a dynamic process that changes during disease evolution. The main aim of our study was to characterize the pattern of changes in phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer's continuum. We measured three novel CSF p-tau biomarkers, phosphorylated at threonine-181 and threonine-217 with an N-terminal partner antibody and at threonine-231 with a mid-region partner antibody. These were compared with an automated mid-region p-tau181 assay (Elecsys) as the gold standard p-tau measure. We demonstrate that these novel p-tau biomarkers increase more prominently in preclinical Alzheimer, when only subtle changes of amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology are detected, and can accurately differentiate Aβ-positive from Aβ-negative cognitively unimpaired individuals. Moreover, we show that the novel plasma N-terminal p-tau181 biomarker is mildly but significantly increased in the preclinical stage. Our results support the idea that early changes in neuronal tau metabolism in preclinical Alzheimer, likely in response to Aβ exposure, can be detected with these novel p-tau assays. SYNOPSIS This study investigated novel CSF and plasma p-tau biomarkers in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer's continuum and compared them with the widely used CSF Mid-ptau181. Novel p-tau biomarkers CSF N-p-tau181, N-p-tau217 and Mid-p-tau231 increase early in the Alzheimer's continuum, when only subtle changes in Aβ pathology are detected. CSF N-p-tau181, N-p-tau217 and Mid-p-tau231 can accurately differentiate Aβ-positive, cognitively unimpaired individuals from those that are Aβ-negative. Plasma N-p-tau181 biomarker is significantly increased in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer's continuum. These results suggest that there are early changes in tau metabolism in preclinical Alzheimer, probably in response to emerging Aβ pathology. The paper explained Problem Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylated tau (p-tau) is one of the core biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Most p-tau assays target the mid-region (Mid) fragment of the protein and the phosphorylation at threonine-181 (Mid-p-tau181). Recently, new assays have been developed, targeting different phosphorylation sites (T181, T217, T231) or different fragments [N-terminal (N) vs. mid-region tau]. Moreover, new p-tau assays in blood have shown high accuracy to detect AD. Results However, it is less known whether these novel p-tau biomarkers change early in the asymptomatic stages of the Alzheimer's continuum, when in Aβ pathology is emerging. In this study, we aimed at characterizing the pattern of changes in p-tau in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer's continuum. We performed a head-to-head comparison of the following p-tau biomarkers: (a) CSF Mid-p-tau181 (used as a reference biomarker), (b) CSF N-p-tau181, (c) CSF N-p-tau217, (d) CSF Mid-p-tau231 and (e) plasma N-p-tau181. We found that the novel p-tau biomarkers CSF and plasma N-p-tau181, CSF N-p-tau217 and CSF Mid-p-tau231 increase early in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer's continuum, probably in response to subtle Aβ pathology. Furthermore, plasma N-p-tau181 also significantly increases at this stage, although that increase is milder. Impact These results suggest that there are early changes in tau metabolism in preclinical Alzheimer, which can be detected with these novel p-tau assays. Therefore, they support the idea of therapeutically targeting tau very early in the disease, as soon as Aβ pathology arises. Introduction Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylated tau (p-tau) is, together with CSF amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42) and CSF total tau (t-tau), a core biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Overwhelming evidence indicates that CSF p-tau is increased in patients with AD (both in the prodromal and dementia stages) compared to controls (Hansson et al, 2006; Shaw et al, 2009; Mattsson et al, 2009; Olsson et al, 2016). Moreover, CSF p-tau correlates with cognitive impairment better than Aβ-related biomarkers (Gómez-Isla et al, 1997; Blennow et al, 2010; Nelson et al, 2012; Roe et al, 2013; Jack et al, 2018; Aschenbrenner et al, 2018). CSF p-tau is useful to stage the disease, although longitudinal studies suggest that it may decrease in late stages of AD (Fagan et al, 2014; McDade et al, 2018; Sutphen et al, 2018; Lleó et al, 2019; Schindler et al, 2019). CSF p-tau is also an excellent prognosis biomarker in AD since it finely predicts progression from cognitively unimpaired (CU) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and, eventually, to AD dementia (Roe et al, 2013; Petersen et al, 2013; Ferreira et al, 2014). Furthermore, CSF p-tau is increased in preclinical AD (Hansson et al, 2006; Shaw et al, 2009; Bateman et al, 2012). In AD, tau aggregated in the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is aberrantly hyperphosphorylated and several phosphorylated sites have been identified (Grundke-Iqbal et al, 1986; Ksiezak-Reding et al, 1988; Goedert et al, 1988, 1989; Lee et al, 1991, 2001). Yet, in the CSF biomarkers field, the most common tau phosphorylation site used as a target is threonine-181 (p-tau181) (Blennow et al, 1995). In fact, it is usually assumed that the term "p-tau" refers to phosphorylation at threonine-181 if not otherwise specified. Other tau phosphorylation sites have been investigated in the CSF of AD patients including mid-region residues p199, p212/p214, p217, p231, p231/p235 and the C-terminal residues p396/p404 (Ishiguro et al, 1999; Kohnken et al, 2000; Hu et al, 2002; Buerger et al, 2002b; Hampel et al, 2004; Singer et al, 2009; Meredith et al, 2013; Russell et al, 2016; Janelidze et al, 2020b). A very recent study in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) cohort finely showed the pattern of changes of p-tau phosphorylation in the early stages of autosomal-dominant AD and also in a group of preclinical sporadic AD (Barthélemy et al, 2020c). Similarly, it is also assumed that the term "p-tau" refers to the mid-region fragment, where most commercially available p-tau assays are targeted to. It is known, however, that CSF contains a mix of both N-terminal and mid-region fragments, while C-terminal fragments are considerably less abundant (Meredith et al, 2013; Barthélemy et al, 2016; Sato et al, 2018; Cicognola et al, 2019; Chen et al, 2019). Taking all this into account has been a key factor for the development of blood tests targeting p-tau. The use of antibodies targeting N-terminal fragments has allowed us and others to successfully measure p-tau181 in plasma, which accurately detects AD and discriminates it from other neurological diseases (Tatebe et al, 2017; Mielke et al, 2018; Karikari et al, 2020; Thijssen et al, 2020; Janelidze et al, 2020a). Moreover, plasma p-tau181 starts to increase in preclinical AD and further increases in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia stages (Karikari et al, 2020; Janelidze et al, 2020a). Besides p-tau181, recent strong data indicates that p-tau217, measured both in CSF and in plasma, accurately predicts Aβ pathology in both symptomatic and asymptomatic stages and is an excellent biomarker to discriminate AD from healthy controls and other neurodegenerative diseases (Barthelemy et al, 2015; preprint: Barthélemy et al, 2017; Barthélemy et al, 2020a, 2020c; Janelidze et al, 2020b). In autosomal-dominant AD, CSF p-tau217 even increases two decades before tau PET (Barthélemy et al, 2020c). Despite the recent breakthrough developments in understanding p-tau as both a CSF and blood biomarker, it is less known whether specific p-tau biomarkers change early in the continuum of sporadic Alzheimer, when only subtle, incipient changes in Aβ pathology are present. Studying these early stages of the disease is particularly relevant for the p-tau biomarkers since their changes probably precede NFT pathology (Barthélemy et al, 2020c). Amid the new p-tau assays being developed (targeting different phosphorylation sites, targeting N-terminal vs. mid-region tau or using different platforms), it is also important to perform a head-to-head comparison of these assays. Moreover, there are promising tau phosphorylations, such p-tau231, that have not been yet investigated in asymptomatic stages. In this study, we aimed at characterizing the pattern of changes in phosphorylated tau in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer's continuum. For this purpose, we measured a set of novel CSF p-tau biomarkers in the ALFA+ study (a cohort of CU individuals, some of whom are in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer's continuum) and compared them with the well-established Elecsys® Mid-p-tau181 assay [targeting mid-region (Mid) tau fragments phosphorylated at threonine-181 (Lifke et al, 2019)], used herein as the reference assay. The set of novel p-tau biomarkers studied include (Fig EV1): (a) N-p-tau181 [targeting tau forms phosphorylated at threonine-181 and containing the N-terminal (N) epitope 6-18], (b) N-p-tau217 (targeting tau forms phosphorylated at threonine-217 as well as containing the N-terminal epitope 6–18) and (c) Mid-p-tau231 (targeting Mid tau fragments phosphorylated at threonine-231). Moreover, we investigated, using the N-p-tau181 in plasma, if preclinical disease changes can be reliably detected in blood and how this compared against the CSF biomarkers and also against plasma neurofilament light (NfL), the most widely used blood biomarker. We tested the hypothesis of whether these novel p-tau biomarkers change in initial stages in the disease process, where only subtle changes in Aβ are detectable. In order to ensure robustness, we used both CSF and PET as biomarkers of Aβ pathology, which reflect different aspects of Aβ pathology (i.e. soluble Aβ and fibrillar Aβ aggregates, respectively) (Dubois et al, 2016). Based on our findings, we propose a model of changes in p-tau biomarkers in the preclinical stage of the sporadic Alzheimer's continuum. Click here to expand this figure. Figure EV1. Diagram of tau and the antibodies used in the assays Tau protein domains and the fragments recognized by the combination of antibodies of the assays used in this study. We show the longest form of tau (2N4R), which comprises 441 amino acids. The two N-terminal domains (N) are depicted in green, the two proline-rich domains (P) in yellow and the four microtubule-binding domains (R) in blue. The phosphorylation sites identified by the assays are also shown. Details of the assays can be found in the methods section. Abbreviations: Mid, mid-region; N, N-terminal; p-tau, phosphorylated tau Download figure Download PowerPoint Results Participants' characteristics and the effect of age and sex on p-tau biomarkers The first consecutive 381 participants of the ALFA+ cohort were included in this study. Their demographic and clinical features as well as fluid biomarker concentrations are shown in Table 1. Participants were classified as Aβ-negative (A−; n = 250) or Aβ-positive (A+; n = 131) using a previously established cut-off value for the CSF Aβ42/40 ratio of 0.071 (Milà-Alomà et al, 2020). Participants in the A+ group were older, but there were no differences in education, global cognition [as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)] and sex distribution. As expected, the A+ group had a higher percentage of APOE-ε4 carriers, Aβ PET-positive visual reads and a higher [18F]flutemetamol uptake in Aβ PET, as measured by the Centiloid (CL) scale. The AD CSF biomarkers CSF t-tau as well as CSF and plasma NfL were also significantly increased in the A+ group (Table 1). Table 1. Participants' characteristics and biomarkers by Aβ status group. Total (n = 381) A− (n = 250, 65.6%) A+ (n = 131, 34.4%) P-value* Demographics, clinical characteristics Age, years 61.2 (4.68) 60.6 (4.44) 62.3 (4.93) 0.0007* Female, n (%) 232 (60.9) 155 (62.0) 77 (58.8) 0.541 Education, years 13.4 (3.51) 13.5 (3.48) 13.2 (3.57) 0.467 APOE-ε4 carriers, n (%) 201 (52.8) 102 (40.8) 99 (75.6) <0.0001* MMSE 29.1 (0.954) 29.1 (0.935) 29.2 (0.993) 0.608 Centiloidsa 2.82 (16.8) −4.54 (6.37) 16.83 (21.1) <0.0001* Aβ PET-positive (VR), n (%)a 42 (12.8) 3 (1.4) 39 (34.8) <0.0001* p-tau-related biomarkers CSF Mid-p-tau181 (pg/ml) 16.3 (7.69) 14.5 (5.23) 19.8 (10.1) <0.0001* CSF N-p-tau181 (pg/ml) 346 (216) 278 (97.7) 477 (304) <0.0001* CSF N-p-tau217 (pg/ml) 6.29 (6.41) 4.07 (2.28) 10.5 (9.07) <0.0001* CSF Mid-p-tau231 (pg/ml) 8.29 (6.08) 6.11 (2.28) 12.5 (8.46) <0.0001* Plasma N-p-tau181 (pg/ml) 9.55 (3.