Dysfunction of the intramembrane protease γ-secretase is thought to cause Alzheimer’s disease, with most mutations derived from Alzheimer’s disease mapping to the catalytic subunit presenilin 1 (PS1). Here we report an atomic structure of human γ-secretase at 3.4 Å resolution, determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Mutations derived from Alzheimer’s disease affect residues at two hotspots in PS1, each located at the centre of a distinct four transmembrane segment (TM) bundle. TM2 and, to a lesser extent, TM6 exhibit considerable flexibility, yielding a plastic active site and adaptable surrounding elements. The active site of PS1 is accessible from the convex side of the TM horseshoe, suggesting considerable conformational changes in nicastrin extracellular domain after substrate recruitment. Component protein APH-1 serves as a scaffold, anchoring the lone transmembrane helix from nicastrin and supporting the flexible conformation of PS1. Ordered phospholipids stabilize the complex inside the membrane. Our structure serves as a molecular basis for mechanistic understanding of γ-secretase function. The atomic structure of human γ-secretase at 3.4 Å resolution, determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. The human γ-secretase complex, comprising presenilin 1 (PS1), PEN-2, APH-1, and nicastrin, is a membrane-embedded protease that controls a number of important cellular functions through substrate cleavage. Dysfunction of the enzyme is thought to cause Alzheimer's disease. This paper reports the first atomic structure of an intact human γ-secretase complex, determined at 3.4 Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. The structure illustrates how a remarkably plastic active site is positioned inside the membrane through specific interactions of four components of γ-secretase. Alzheimer's disease-derived mutations affect residues that cluster at two hotspots, each located at the center of a distinct four-transmembrane segment bundle in PS1.