Gene expression can be regulated post-transcriptionally through dynamic and reversible RNA modifications. A recent noteworthy example is N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which affects messenger RNA (mRNA) localization, stability, translation and splicing. Here we report on a new mRNA modification, N1-methyladenosine (m1A), that occurs on thousands of different gene transcripts in eukaryotic cells, from yeast to mammals, at an estimated average transcript stoichiometry of 20% in humans. Employing newly developed sequencing approaches, we show that m1A is enriched around the start codon upstream of the first splice site: it preferentially decorates more structured regions around canonical and alternative translation initiation sites, is dynamic in response to physiological conditions, and correlates positively with protein production. These unique features are highly conserved in mouse and human cells, strongly indicating a functional role for m1A in promoting translation of methylated mRNA. Here the m1A modification is discovered in messenger RNA and mapped at the transcriptome-wide level; the modification is conserved, dynamic, accumulates in structured regions around translation initiation sites upstream of the first splice site, and correlates with higher protein expression. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA has been subject to intensive examination since it was recognized to be widespread throughout the transcriptome. In a new study by Chuan He and colleagues, the significance of a different messenger RNA modification, N1-methyladenosine (m1A), is probed on the transcriptome-wide level. Although the modification is dynamic, they find it accumulates in structured regions surrounding both canonical and alternative translation initiation sites, and its presence correlates with higher protein expression.