Abstract Honeybees are effective environmental monitors due to their long-range foraging activities. Their hive products, particularly honey, reflect the environment of honeybees and honey production. Honey’s DNA mixture originates from various organismal groups like plants, arthropods, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Conventional methods like melissopalynological analysis and targeted honey DNA metabarcoding offer a limited view of honey’s composition. We conducted a honey bulk DNA metagenomic analysis of 266 Estonian and 103 foreign centrifugally-extracted honey samples collected between 2020 and 2023. Honey bulk DNA was extracted, prepared, and massively parallel sequenced without the selection of preliminary target gene(s). Millions of honey-origin DNA sequences were analyzed by the taxonomic sequence classifier Kraken 2 to characterize the honey’s taxonomic composition and by the Bracken statistical method to identify honeybee pathogens and parasites. In Estonian honey, 70.4% of the bulk DNA was derived from green plant families like Brassicaceae , Rosaceae , Fabaceae , Pinaceae , and Salicaceae . Geographical distribution analysis revealed distinct botanical compositions between Estonian mainland and island samples, although the most prevalent plant genera in honey were Brassica, Picea, Trifolium, Rubus, and Salix . The bacterial family Lactobacillaceae was prevalent overall, reflecting the leading proportion of DNA from honeybee microbiota in honey. Honey bulk DNA analysis reveals all DNA traces from other organisms that reflect the environment of honey production, e.g. honeybees, humans, bacteria, yeasts, domestic animals, and DNA viruses. We detected 12 honeybee pathogens and parasites, including Paenibacillus larvae , Melissococcus plutonius, Nosema ceranae, Varroa destructor , and Aethina tumida . In conclusion, comprehensive honey bulk DNA metagenomic analysis highlights honey’s diverse biological composition, including microbial, fungal, botanical, animal and pathogenic elements. The findings align with previous studies and reveal geographical variations in honey composition. The study underscores the potential of bulk DNA-based and non-targeted metagenomic approaches for monitoring honeybee health, environmental quality, and honey composition, origin, and authenticity.