A bstract The Alvinellidae are a family of worms that are endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. These annelid worms, a sister group to the Ampharetidae, occupy a wide range of thermal habitats. The family includes the most thermotolerant marine animals described to date such as the Pompeii worm Alvinella pompejana , and other species living at much lower temperatures such as Paralvinella grasslei or Paralvinella pandorae . The phylogeny of this family has not been studied extensively. It is, however, a complex case where molecular phylogenies give conflicting results, especially concerning the monophyletic or polyphyletic character of the genus Paralvinella . We carried out a comprehensive study of the phylogeny of this family using the best molecular data currently available from RNAseq datasets. The study is based on the assembly of several hundred transcripts for 11 of the 14 species currently described or in description. The results obtained by the most popular phylogenetic inference models (gene concatenation with maximum likelihood, or coalescent-based methods from gene trees) are compared using a series of ampharetid and terebellid outgroups. Our study shows that a high number of gene trees support the hypothesis of the monophyly of the Paralvinella genus, as initially proposed by Desbruyères and Laubier, in which the species Paralvinella pandorae and Paralvinella unidentata are more closely related within the subgenus Nautalvinella . However, the global phylogenetic signal favors the hypothesis of paraphyly for this genus, with P. pandorae being sister species of the other Alvinellidae. Gene trees separated equally between these two hypotheses, making it difficult to draw conclusionsabout the initial split of the MCRA as different genomic regions seem to have very different phylogenetic stories. According to molecular dating, the radiation of the Alvinellidae was rapid and took place in a short period of time between 70 and 80 million years ago. This is reflected at the genomic scale by high rates of incomplete lineage sorting between the first ancestral lineages with probable gene transfers between the ancestors of Alvinella, Nautalvinella , and the rest of the Paralvinella lineages.