SUMMARY Pyruvate kinase (PK) and the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) cycle play key roles in nutrient-stimulated K ATP channel closure and insulin secretion. To identify the PK isoforms involved, we generated mice lacking β-cell PKm1, PKm2, and mitochondrial PEP carboxykinase (PCK2) that generates mitochondrial PEP. Glucose metabolism generates both glycolytic and mitochondrially-derived PEP, which triggers K ATP closure through local PKm1 and PKm2 signaling at the plasma membrane. Amino acids, which generate mitochondrial PEP without producing glycolytic fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to allosterically activate PKm2, signal through PKm1 to raise ATP/ADP, close K ATP channels, and stimulate insulin secretion. Raising cytosolic ATP/ADP with amino acids is insufficient to close K ATP channels in the absence of PK activity or PCK2, indicating that K ATP channels are regulated by mitochondrially-derived PEP that provides ATP via plasma membrane-associated PK, but not via mitochondrially-derived ATP. Following membrane depolarization, the PEP cycle is also involved in an “off-switch” that facilitates K ATP channel reopening and Ca 2+ extrusion, as shown by PK activation experiments and β-cell PCK2 deletion that prolonged Ca 2+ oscillations and increased insulin secretion. In conclusion, the differential response of PKm1 and PKm2 to the glycolytic and mitochondrial sources of PEP influences the β-cell nutrient response, and controls the oscillatory cycle regulating insulin secretion.