Sweet watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. vulgaris) belongs to the genus Citrullus Schrad and has six known species including Citrullus naudinianus, C. colocynthis, C. ecirrhosus, C. rehmii, C. amarus, and C. mucosospermus which exist in the wild. All these Citrullus spp. have wide variety of fruits with various shapes, size, rind thickness, colors and patterns, and flesh texture. Population genomics studies such as whole-genome sequencing of cultivars and related species, resequencing to generate genomewide SNPs and INDELs, characterization of the chromosomal organization by fluorescence in situ hybridization of rDNA probes, transcriptome analyses, QTL analyses for fruit traits, biotic and abiotic stresses have addressed multiple questions related to the biology and evolution of watermelon. Genome-wide genetic diversity, distribution of linkage disequilibrium, model-based approaches for population structure, and admixture allowed to infer shared ancestries involving global collections of sweet watermelon. Similarly, published studies in watermelon genetic diversity have not systematically prioritized role of C. amarus genes in diversification of watermelon gene pool. Phylogeny analyses based on whole-genome sequencing and conserved ITS and chloroplast markers of various Citrullus species indicated that C. mucosospermus and its derivative C. lanatus subsp. cordophanus might be the ancestors of sweet watermelon. However, knowledge is elusive to figure out after losing bitterness in fruit, if the fruit size, rind thickness, flesh softening, lycopene accumulation, sucrose synthesis and ripening simultaneously were the part of domestication syndrome or there had been a logical order of the evolutionary histories of the mutations in underlying genes that played roles in the domestication. This chapter is a review of evolution, genetic diversity, phylogenies, selected QTL and transcriptome studies, and genomics in perspective of domestication and diversification of cultivated watermelon clade.