While computational methods have made substantial progress in improving the accuracy and throughput of pathology workflows for diagnostic, prognostic, and genomic prediction, lack of interpretability remains a significant barrier to clinical integration. In this study, we present a novel approach for predicting clinically-relevant molecular phenotypes from histopathology whole-slide images (WSIs) using human-interpretable image features (HIFs). Our method leverages >1.6 million annotations from board-certified pathologists across >5,700 WSIs to train deep learning models for high-resolution tissue classification and cell detection across entire WSIs in five cancer types. Combining cell- and tissue-type models enables computation of 607 HIFs that comprehensively capture specific and biologically-relevant characteristics of multiple tumors. We demonstrate that these HIFs correlate with well-known markers of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and can predict diverse molecular signatures, including immune checkpoint protein expression and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). Our HIF-based approach provides a novel, quantitative, and interpretable window into the composition and spatial architecture of the TME.