Postcopulatory sexual selection can select for sperm allocation strategies in males [1Birkhead T.R. Moller A.P. Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection. Academic Press, London1998Google Scholar, 2Simmons L.W. Sperm Competition And Its Evolutionary Consequences in the Insects. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ2001Google Scholar], but males should also strategically allocate nonsperm components of the ejaculate [3Cameron E. Day T. Rowe L. Sperm competition and the evolution of ejaculate composition.Am. Nat. 2007; 169: E158-E172Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar, 4Hodgson D.J. Hosken D.J. Sperm competition promotes the exploitation of rival ejaculates.J. Theor. Biol. 2006; 243: 230-234Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar], such as seminal fluid proteins (Sfps). Sfps can influence the extent of postcopulatory sexual selection [5Chapman T. Seminal fluid-mediated fitness traits in Drosophila.Heredity. 2001; 87: 511-521Crossref PubMed Scopus (324) Google Scholar, 6Poiani A. Complexity of seminal fluid: A review.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2006; 60: 289-310Crossref Scopus (343) Google Scholar, 7Ravi Ram K. Wolfner M.F. Seminal influences: Drosophila Acps and the molecular interplay between males and females during reproduction.Integr. Comp. Biol. 2007; 47: 427-445Crossref PubMed Scopus (252) Google Scholar], but little is known of the causes or consequences of quantitative variation in Sfp production and transfer. Using Drosophila melanogaster, we demonstrate that Sfps are strategically allocated to females in response to the potential level of sperm competition. We also show that males who can produce and transfer larger quantities of specific Sfps have a significant competitive advantage. When males were exposed to a competitor male, matings were longer and more of two key Sfps, sex peptide [8Chen P.S. Stumm-Zollinger E. Aigaki T. Balmer J. Bienz M. Böhlen P. A male accessory gland peptide that regulates reproductive behavior of female D. melanogaster.Cell. 1988; 54: 291-298Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (491) Google Scholar] and ovulin [9Monsma S.A. Wolfner M.F. Structure and expression of a Drosophila male accessory gland gene whose product resembles a peptide pheromone precursor.Genes Dev. 1988; 2: 1063-1073Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar], were transferred, indicating strategic allocation of Sfps. Males selected for large accessory glands (a major site of Sfp synthesis) produced and transferred significantly more sex peptide, but not more ovulin. Males with large accessory glands also had significantly increased competitive reproductive success. Our results show that quantitative variation in specific Sfps is likely to play an important role in postcopulatory sexual selection and that investment in Sfp production is essential for male fitness in a competitive environment.