Stress response elements, which mediate induction of the mouse heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene by several agents, resemble the binding site for the activator protein-1 (Jun/Fos), Maf, and Cap'n'Collar/basic leucine zipper (CNC-bZIP) families of proteins. In L929 fibroblasts, significant activation of an HO-1 enhancer-reporter fusion gene was observed only with the CNC-bZIP class of proteins with Nrf2 exhibiting the highest level of trans-activation, between 25- and 30-fold. To further examine the role of this factor in HO-1 gene regulation, a dominant-negative mutant, Nrf2M, was generated and conditionally expressed in L929 cells. The mutant protein was detected in cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions but did not affect cell growth. Under conditions of Nrf2M overexpression, HO-1 mRNA accumulation in response to heme, cadmium, zinc, arsenite, and tert-butylhydroquinone was inhibited by 85–95%. In contrast, overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of c-Jun decreased L929 cell growth but did not inhibit HO-1 gene activation. Nrf2 does not homodimerize, but CNC-bZIP·small Maf protein heterodimers and Nrf2·Jun protein complexes are proposed to function as trans-activators. Co-expression of Jun proteins or p18, however, had no significant affect or inhibited Nrf2-mediated trans-activation. Taken together, these results implicate Nrf2 in the induction of the HO-1 gene but suggest that the Nrf2 partner in this function is a factor other than p18 or Jun proteins. Stress response elements, which mediate induction of the mouse heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene by several agents, resemble the binding site for the activator protein-1 (Jun/Fos), Maf, and Cap'n'Collar/basic leucine zipper (CNC-bZIP) families of proteins. In L929 fibroblasts, significant activation of an HO-1 enhancer-reporter fusion gene was observed only with the CNC-bZIP class of proteins with Nrf2 exhibiting the highest level of trans-activation, between 25- and 30-fold. To further examine the role of this factor in HO-1 gene regulation, a dominant-negative mutant, Nrf2M, was generated and conditionally expressed in L929 cells. The mutant protein was detected in cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions but did not affect cell growth. Under conditions of Nrf2M overexpression, HO-1 mRNA accumulation in response to heme, cadmium, zinc, arsenite, and tert-butylhydroquinone was inhibited by 85–95%. In contrast, overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of c-Jun decreased L929 cell growth but did not inhibit HO-1 gene activation. Nrf2 does not homodimerize, but CNC-bZIP·small Maf protein heterodimers and Nrf2·Jun protein complexes are proposed to function as trans-activators. Co-expression of Jun proteins or p18, however, had no significant affect or inhibited Nrf2-mediated trans-activation. Taken together, these results implicate Nrf2 in the induction of the HO-1 gene but suggest that the Nrf2 partner in this function is a factor other than p18 or Jun proteins. ferriprotoporphyrin IX heme oxygenase-1 activator protein-1 NF-E2 related factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 Cap'n'Collar/basic leucine zipper chloramphenicol acetyltransferase stress response element anti-oxidant response element tetracycline tert-butylhydroquinone Heme oxygenase enzymes catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in heme1 catabolism, the oxidative cleavage of b-type heme to yield equimolar quantities of iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by the action of biliverdin reductase. The expression of one isoform of heme oxygenase, HO-1, is dramatically stimulated by a variety of agents including the substrate heme, heavy metals, hyperthermia, UV irradiation, and inflammatory cytokines. The realization that most, if not all, HO-1 inducers stimulate production of reactive oxygen species or deplete glutathione levels or both, and the fact that heme is a potent pro-oxidant whereas bilirubin is an equipotent anti-oxidant, has led to the postulate that HO-1 activity is a component of the cellular defense mechanism against oxidant stress. This hypothesis has been experimentally verified by numerous studies using both in vitro and in vivo models of oxidant injury (reviewed in Ref. 1Choi A.M.K. Alam J. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1996; 15: 9-19Crossref PubMed Scopus (1032) Google Scholar). While the induction of HO-1 has been extensively documented and is known to be regulated primarily at the level of gene transcription, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying this response is poorly understood. Our analyses of the mouse HO-1 gene have identified two 5′ distal enhancer regions at approximately −4 and −10 kilobase pairs, termed SX2 and AB1, respectively, that mediate transcriptional activation of linked reporter genes in response to multiple agents including heme, heavy metals, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, arsenite, hydrogen peroxide, and lipopolysaccharide (2Alam J. Den Z. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 21894-21900Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 3Alam J. Cai J. Smith A. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 1001-1009Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 4Alam J. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 25049-25056Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 5Alam J. Camhi S. Choi A.M.K. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 11977-11984Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (196) Google Scholar, 6Camhi S. Alam J. Otterbein L. Sylvester S.L. Choi A.M.K. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1995; 13: 387-398Crossref PubMed Scopus (227) Google Scholar). Each enhancer region contains multiple copies of a cis-acting element, termed the stress response element (StRE) (1Choi A.M.K. Alam J. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1996; 15: 9-19Crossref PubMed Scopus (1032) Google Scholar) that are essential for inducer-dependent gene activation. The consensus StRE, (T/C)GCTGAGTCA, resembles the consensus binding site, TGA(C/G)TCA, for the AP-1 class of transcription factors, comprised of homo- and heterodimers of the Jun and Fos families of proteins, and we initially proposed that such factors were responsible for HO-1 gene activation (2Alam J. Den Z. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 21894-21900Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 4Alam J. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 25049-25056Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). This prediction was based on, among other reasons, the observations that AP-1 proteins bound to individual StREs, that the DNA binding of c-Jun·c-Fos heterodimer is subjected to redox regulation, and that expression and activities of some members of the Jun and Fos family of protein are stimulated by many of the same agents that induce HO-1 expression. A role for AP-1 proteins in HO-1 gene regulation is further supported by recent studies demonstrating that pharmacological inhibition of AP-1 activity attenuates interleukin-1α- or tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated induction of HO-1 mRNA levels in human endothelial cells (7Terry C.M Clikeman J.A. Hoidal J.R. Callahan K.S. Am. J. Physiol. 1998; 274: H883-H891Crossref PubMed Google Scholar) and ectopic expression of a dominant-negative mutant of c-Jun inhibits arsenite-mediated activation of the chicken HO-1 promoter in hepatoma cells (8Elbirt K.K. Whitmarsh A.J. Davis R.J Bonkovsky H.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 8922-8931Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (220) Google Scholar). The consensus StRE also resembles the optimal recognition sequences, TGCTGAGTCAGCA (9Kataoka K. Noda M. Nishizawa M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994; 14: 700-712Crossref PubMed Scopus (391) Google Scholar) and (T/C)GCTGA(G/C)TCA(C/T) (10Andrews N.C. Erdjument-Bromage H. Davidson M.B. Tempst P. Orkin S.H. Nature. 1993; 362: 722-728Crossref PubMed Scopus (601) Google Scholar), of the v-Maf oncoprotein and of NF-E2, respectively. The v-Maf oncoprotein, encoded by the avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma virus AS42 (11Nishizawa M. Kataoka K. Goto N. Fujiwara K.T. Kawai S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989; 86: 7711-7715Crossref PubMed Scopus (243) Google Scholar), is the founding member of the Maf family of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins, of which six cellular members have also been identified to date. Maf factors, like Jun and Fos proteins, contain the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain for DNA binding and dimerization. Three of the Maf members, the small Maf proteins, lack apparent trans-activation domains. NF-E2, an erythroid-specific transcription factor that is required for β-globin synthesis in mouse erythroleukemia cells (12Kotkow K.J. Orkin S.H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 4640-4647Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar), is a heterodimer of an erythroid-specific 45-kDa subunit (p45) and an ubiquitous polypeptide (p18), later identified as the small Maf protein, MafK (10Andrews N.C. Erdjument-Bromage H. Davidson M.B. Tempst P. Orkin S.H. Nature. 1993; 362: 722-728Crossref PubMed Scopus (601) Google Scholar, 13Andrews N.C. Kotkow K.J. Ney P.A. Erdjument-Bromage H. Tempst P. Orkin S.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 11488-11492Crossref PubMed Scopus (241) Google Scholar, 14Igarashi K. Itoh K. Motohashi H. Hayashi N. Matuzaki Y. Nakauchi H. Nishizawa M. Yamamoto M. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 7615-7624Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar). p45, like AP-1 and Maf proteins, is a bZIP-type factor but also contains an upstream Cap'n'Collar (CNC) domain homologous to a region within the fruit fly homeotic selector protein encoded by the cap'n'collar gene (15Mohler J. Vani K. Leung S. Epstein A. Mech. Dev. 1991; 34: 3-10Crossref PubMed Scopus (114) Google Scholar). Other CNC-bZIP polypeptides homologous to p45 have been identified, including Nrf1 (16Chan J.Y. Han H.-L. Kan Y.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 11371-11375Crossref PubMed Scopus (300) Google Scholar), Nrf2 (17Moi P. Chan K. Asunis I. Cao A. Kan Y.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 9926-9930Crossref PubMed Scopus (1303) Google Scholar), and Nrf3 (18Kobayashi A. Ito E. Toki T. Kogame K. Takahashi S. Igarashi K. Hayashi N. Yamamoto M. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 6443-6452Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (250) Google Scholar), which, unlike p45, are more widely expressed. Maf polypeptides resemble Jun proteins in that they can homodimerize, whereas the CNC-bZIP proteins, like Fos family members, can only form obligatory heterodimers, most prominently with the small Maf factors. The optimal recognition sequences for v-Maf and NF-E2, as noted above, are extended AP-1 binding sites. The 3-base pair extension, (T/C)GC, is critical for high affinity binding of these factors to their target sequences. In a recent report (19Inamdar N.M. Ahn Y.I. Alam J. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996; 221: 570-576Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar), we demonstrated that mutation of this 3-base extension in the context of the StRE, while leaving intact the AP-1 heptad, abolished activation of a linked reporter gene in response to heme and cadmium, suggesting that factors other than AP-1 proteins are responsible for this induction. In the present report, we provide data that implicate Nrf2 in inducer-dependent activation of the HO-1 gene. Restriction endonucleases and other DNA modifying enzymes were purchased from either Life Technologies, Inc. or New England Biolabs. Radiolabeled nucleotides were obtained from NEN Life Science Products. Heme (as hemin chloride) was purchased from Porphyrin Products. Enzymes and reagents for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and luciferase assays were purchased from Sigma. All other chemicals were reagent grade. Mammalian expression plasmids were kindly provided by Drs. Stuart Orkin (p45, Nrf2, p18, and p18M), Mark Kerppola (c-Maf), and Tom Curran (c-Fos). cDNA clones were kindly provided by Dr. Minami Matsui (Fra-1 and Fra-2) or purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (c-Jun, JunB, and JunD) and the appropriate cDNA fragments were cloned downstream of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat in the mammalian expression vector pRSV. Plasmids for tetracycline-dependent mammalian gene expression (pUHD15.1 and pUHD10–3) were kindly provided by Dr. Herman Bujard. The dominant-negative mutants of Nrf2 and c-Jun, Nrf2M and c-JunM, were generated by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the respective mouse cDNAs with oligonucleotide pairs 5′-GCACGCGGCCGCCATGGGTGAATCCCAATG-3′ and 5′-CCTCCGGATCCTAGTTTTTCTTTGTATCTG-3′ and 5′-GCACGCGGCCGCCATGGTCTACGCCAACCT-3′ and 5′-ACAGTGGATCCTCAAAACGTTTGCAACTGC-3′, respectively. The amplification products were cloned downstream of the elongation factor-1α promoter (in plasmid pEF) or the tetracycline operator (in plasmid pUHDBG (20Wei P. Ahn Y.I. Housley P.R. Alam J. Vedeckis W.V. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1998; 64: 1-12Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar), a variant of pUHD10–3). Plasmid pCMVβ-gal was kindly provided by Dr. Ping Wei. Plasmids pT109luc (21Nordeen S.K. BioTechniques. 1988; 6: 454-457PubMed Google Scholar) and pRSVluc encode the firefly luciferase gene under the control of the thymidine kinase promoter and the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat, respectively. Plasmid pSX2Δ44luc was generated by replacing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene in pSX2Δ44cat (4Alam J. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 25049-25056Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) with the luciferase gene. Mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 and fibroblast L929 cells were purchased from ATCC and maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 0.45% glucose and 10% fetal bovine serum. The L929 subclone E8.T4 (20Wei P. Ahn Y.I. Housley P.R. Alam J. Vedeckis W.V. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1998; 64: 1-12Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar) was cultured in the same medium supplemented with 200 μg/ml Geneticin (G418 sulfate) and 1 μg/ml tetracycline. Transient and stable transfections were carried out by the calcium phosphate precipitation technique as described previously (4Alam J. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 25049-25056Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Briefly, for transient assays, cells were seeded (∼5 × 105/60-mm plate) 16 h prior to transfection. Cells were exposed to the DNA-CaPO4 precipitate for 6 h, shocked by a 1-min treatment with 10% glycerol in phosphate-buffered saline, and cultured for an additional 24 h in complete medium. Preparation of cell extracts and measurement of CAT and luciferase activities were carried out as described previously (2Alam J. Den Z. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 21894-21900Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). β-Galactosidase activity was measured using the Galacto-Light (Tropix, Inc.) Chemiluminescent assay kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. To generate stable transfectants, E8.T4 or L929 cells were plated (1 × 106/10-cm plate) and transfected as described above with 13 μg of pUHDBG/Nrf2M plus 2 μg of pCEP4 (Invitrogen Corp.) or with 15 μg of pEF/c-JunM, respectively. E8.T4 and L929 transfectants were selected over a 3-week period in the presence of hygromycin (400 μg/ml) or G418 (800 μg/ml), respectively. Individual clones were isolated by limited dilution. Total RNA was isolated by the procedure of Sacchi and Chozymski (22Chomczynski P. Sacchi N. Anal. Biochem. 1987; 162: 156-159Crossref PubMed Scopus (66740) Google Scholar), and Northern blot analysis was carried out as described previously (23Alam J. Shibahara S. Smith A. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 6371-6375Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). For RNA dot blot analysis, 5 μg of total RNA was transferred to Zeta-Probe (Bio-Rad) nylon membrane according to the manufacturer's instructions. Hybridization and washing conditions for dot blots were identical to those for Northern blots. α-32P-Radiolabeled hybridization probes were generated by random priming of the rat HO-1 (24Shibahara S. Muller R. Taguchi H. Yoshida T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1985; 82: 7865-7869Crossref PubMed Scopus (449) Google Scholar), mouse c-Jun, chicken β-actin (25Cleveland D.W. Lapota M.A. Macdonald R.J. Cowan N.J. Rutter W.J. Kirschner M.W. Cell. 1980; 20: 95-105Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1537) Google Scholar), or mouse Nrf2 cDNA fragments or mouse MT-1 (26Alam J. Smith A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 16379-16384Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) or rabbit β-globin (20Wei P. Ahn Y.I. Housley P.R. Alam J. Vedeckis W.V. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1998; 64: 1-12Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar) genomic fragments. Hybridization signals were quantified using a Storm PhosphorImager (Molecular Dynamics). After signal quantization, the membranes were stripped and re-hybridized to the β-actin probe. Relative mRNA levels (see Figs. 5 and 6) were calculated after correcting for RNA loading by normalizing the primary hybridization signal with the β-actin signal.Figure 6A, inhibition of c-Jun-mediated trans-activation by c-JunM. RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with the indicated amount (in μg) of plasmid mixtures. -Fold trans-activation was calculated in a manner analogous to that described in the legend to Fig. 1. Each data bar represents the average ± S.D. from three independent experiments. B, identification of L929 stable transfectants expressing c-JunM. Total cellular extracts were prepared from clones transfected with the empty expression plasmid (N) or with pEF/c-JunM (clone no. indicated). Western blot analysis was carried out as described under “Experimental Procedures,” and the filter was exposed to film for 5 min. The size (kDa) and migration of the molecular mass standards are indicated. The bands between 40 and 46 kDa presumably represent endogenous Jun proteins. C, expression of c-JunM decreases the rate of cell proliferation. Control (Neo) or c-JunM-expressing cells were cultured in 10% or 2% fetal bovine serum, and cell growth was quantified as described in the legend to Fig. 3. D, expression of c-JunM does not inhibit induction of the HO-1 gene. Cell treatment and RNA dot blot analysis were carried out as described in the legends to Figs. 4 and 5. The probe fragment used to detect endogenous c-Jun mRNA was derived from the 5′ end of the c-Jun cDNA and does not hybridize to c-JunM transcripts. The data bars represent the average of two independent experiments.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Confluent cells from one 60-mm plate were harvested in cold phosphate-buffered saline and pelleted by centrifugation at 8,000 rpm for 1 min at 4 °C. Cells were resuspended in 100–200 μl of lysis buffer (50 mm Hepes (pH 7.5), 1.5 mm NaCl, 1.5 mmMgCl2, 1 mm EGTA, 10% glycerol, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1 mm phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 1 μg/ml antipain, chymostatin, leupeptin, and pepstatin A) and left on ice for 10 min. Cytoplasmic extracts were separated from the nuclei by centrifugation. Nuclear and whole cell extracts were prepared by direct lysis in 1× electrophoresis sample buffer (62.5 mmTris-HCl (pH 6.8), 2% SDS, 10% glycerol). Protein concentration was determined using the Bio-Rad DC protein assay kit. Twenty microgram samples were size-fractionated on a 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and protein blot analysis was carried out using the ECL Western blotting system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) according to the manufacturer's recommendation. Antibodies to Nrf2 and c-Jun were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology and used at dilutions recommended by the manufacturer. Members of the AP-1 (2Alam J. Den Z. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 21894-21900Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 4Alam J. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 25049-25056Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 5Alam J. Camhi S. Choi A.M.K. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 11977-11984Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (196) Google Scholar), CNC-bZIP (see below), and Maf (see below) 2J. Alam and D. Stewart, unpublished observations. families of proteins bind to one or more of the StREs in the HO-1 gene enhancers. The role, if any, of these sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins in HO-1 gene transcriptional regulation was examined by transient trans-activation assays. L929 cells were co-transfected with expression plasmids encoding individual factors and an SX2-dependent CAT reporter gene construct. The effect of the factors on SX2 transcription activity was assessed by measurement of CAT activity in cell extracts. Of the AP-1 family members tested, only the combination of c-Jun and c-Fos increased SX2 activity (∼1.5-fold) (Fig. 1). Individual members decreased enhancer activity to varying degrees (20–60% of basal level). c-Maf did not alter SX2 activity, whereas small Maf/p18 inhibited SX2-dependent transcription by approximately 90%. Only members of the CNC-bZIP family of proteins exhibited significant trans-activation (≥5-fold) with Nrf2 increasing SX2 activity between 25- and 30-fold. To further characterize the role of Nrf2 in HO-1 gene regulation, we devised a methodology to inhibit Nrf2 function. Nrf2, like Jun proteins, contains an N-terminal transcription activation domain and C-terminal dimerization and DNA-binding domains (17Moi P. Chan K. Asunis I. Cao A. Kan Y.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 9926-9930Crossref PubMed Scopus (1303) Google Scholar). Deletion of the transcription activation domain of c-Jun results in a protein that functions as a dominant-negative mutant by virtue of homodimerization with c-Jun and heterodimerization with c-Jun partners. While Nrf2 does not homodimerize (Refs. 17Moi P. Chan K. Asunis I. Cao A. Kan Y.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 9926-9930Crossref PubMed Scopus (1303) Google Scholar, 27Itoh K. Igarashi K. Hayashi N. Nishizawa M. Yamamoto M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 4184-4193Crossref PubMed Scopus (375) Google Scholar, and 28Marini M.G. Chan K. Casula L. Kan Y.W. Cao A. Moi P. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 16490-16497Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar; see below), we reasoned that a similar mutant of Nrf2 could inhibit Nrf2 function by sequestering Nrf2 dimerization partner(s) and competing for Nrf2 recognition sequences. We, therefore, generated a mutant of Nrf2, Nrf2M, lacking the activation domain by deleting amino acid residues 1–392 (numbering as in Ref. 29Chui D.H.K. Tang W. Orkin S.H. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1995; 209: 40-46Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar). The effect of Nrf2M on Nrf2 function was assessed in transient trans-activation assays. As shown in Fig. 2, overexpression of Nrf2M completely blocked Nrf2-mediated trans-activation of the SX2 enhancer in both L929 and E8.T4 cells. In the latter cells, CAT activity was reduced below basal values. To examine the effect of the Nrf2 dominant-negative mutant on HO-1 gene induction, we generated L929 clones stably expressing Nrf2M. Because of the possibility that inhibition of the Nrf2 transcription factor would affect cell proliferation or viability, Nrf2M was expressed in a regulated manner. DNA encoding Nrf2M was cloned downstream of tet operator (tet O) sequences in plasmid pUHDBG (20Wei P. Ahn Y.I. Housley P.R. Alam J. Vedeckis W.V. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1998; 64: 1-12Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar). The resultant clone, pUHDBG/Nrf2M was stably transfected into E8.T4 cells, a subclone of L929 cells that expresses the tetracycline (Tc)-regulated trans-activator (30Gossen M. Bujard H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1992; 89: 5547-5551Crossref PubMed Scopus (4343) Google Scholar), a chimeric transcription factor that regulates gene expression via tet O sequences and whose activity is inhibited in the presence of Tc. Six individual transfectants (N1–N6) were isolated and examined for Tc-regulated gene expression by RNA dot blot analysis using a rabbit β-globin probe. (β-Globin sequences, present in pUHDBG, are fused downstream of the Nrf2M translation termination site and provide stability to the chimeric transcript.) All six clones exhibited Tc-dependent regulation of the Nrf2M/β-globin chimera (Fig. 3 A). Northern blot analysis of total RNA from N2 cells using an Nrf2 probe identified an Nrf2M transcript of the predicted size (approximately 750 bases) and the endogenous Nrf2 mRNA of 2.4 kilobases (Fig. 3 B). The level of Nrf2M mRNA was regulated by doxycycline, a tetracycline analogue, in a dose-dependent manner over a range of approximately 100-fold. The Nrf2M protein was detected in both cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions and migrated at a size corresponding to 27 kDa (predicted size of 22.5 kDa) (Fig. 3 C). The predicted size of the native Nrf2 protein is 72 kDa, but the protein may migrate anomalously above 90 kDa on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel (17Moi P. Chan K. Asunis I. Cao A. Kan Y.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 9926-9930Crossref PubMed Scopus (1303) Google Scholar). Multiple, faint bands were observed in this region after longer exposure of the Western blots (data not shown). The rates of growth of N2 and N5 cells were not significantly different in the absence (Nrf2M overexpression) or presence of 1 μg/ml Tc in the culture media (Fig. 3 D) and were similar to that of the parental E8.T4 cells (data not shown). To determine if Nrf2M overexpression and, by inference, inhibition of Nrf2 function, affects HO-1 gene regulation, N2 cells were grown in the absence or presence of 1 μg/ml Tc and treated with various HO-1 inducers, including heme, cadmium, zinc, arsenite, and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). HO-1 gene induction was assessed by measuring HO-1 mRNA levels in Northern and dot blot analyses (Figs. 4 and5). In the presence of Tc (i.e. undetectable expression of Nrf2M), these agents increased the steady-state amount of HO-1 mRNA by 15–90-fold above basal levels. The magnitude of inductions is similar to that observed in the parental E8.T4 and wild-type L929 cells (data not shown). Overexpression of Nrf2M (−Tc) inhibited HO-1 mRNA accumulation by all inducers tested by 85–90%. The basal level of HO-1 mRNA was not altered. Some of the HO-1 inducers, metals in particular, activate the c-jun and metallothionein genes. These inductions, however, were not affected by Nrf2M, indicating differences in gene activation mechanisms. Similar results were observed with N5 cells (data not shown). For comparative purposes we also generated a dominant-negative mutant of c-Jun, c-JunM, lacking the N-terminal activation domain (residues 1–148), which is similar to one previously described (31Brown P.H. Chen T.K. Birrer M.J. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 791-799PubMed Google Scholar). As expected of a dominant-negative protein, c-JunM inhibited c-Jun-mediated trans-activation of a reporter gene (Fig. 6 A). Initial attempts to develop an E8.T4 cell line conditionally expressing c-JunM were unsuccessful, so we subsequently transfected L929 cells with a plasmid permitting constitutive expression of the mutant protein. Of 12 G418-resistant colonies selected, 9 clones survived during subsequent culturing, two of which, cJM-9 and cJM-11, expressed the mutant protein at high levels (Fig. 6 B). Compared with cells transfected with the empty vector (“Neo” cells), cJM-9 and cJM-11 cells exhibited reduced rates of proliferation, particularly at lower levels of serum (Fig. 6 C). The decrease in cell growth correlated with a 30–50% reduction in nuclear AP-1 DNA binding activity, as judged by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (data not shown). In contrast to Nrf2M, expression of c-JunM did not inhibit HO-1 mRNA induction by any of the agents tested (Fig. 6 D). Indeed, c-JM-9 and c-JM-11 cells exhibited a bias toward increased levels of HO-1 mRNA accumulation. An opposite tendency was observed with respect to c-Jun mRNA levels under basal conditions and in response to the agents tested (Fig. 6 D). Based on the sequence of its leucine zipper domain, Nrf2 is not expected to form homodimers (17Moi P. Chan K. Asunis I. Cao A. Kan Y.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 9926-9930Crossref PubMed Scopus (1303) Google Scholar) and does not bind to the NF-E2 class of recognition sequences (27Itoh K. Igarashi K. Hayashi N. Nishizawa M. Yamamoto M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 4184-4193Crossref PubMed Scopus (375) Google Scholar, 28Marini M.G. Chan K. Casula L. Kan Y.W. Cao A. Moi P. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 16490-16497Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar). Heterodimers of Nrf2 and small Maf proteins (27Itoh K. Igarashi K. Hayashi N. Nishizawa M. Yamamoto M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 4184-4193Crossref PubMed Scopus (375) Google Scholar, 28Marini M.G. Chan K. Casula L. Kan Y.W. Cao A. Moi P. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 16490-16497Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar) and Nrf2·Jun complexes (32Venugopal R. Jaiswal A.K. Oncogene. 1998; 17: 3145-3156Crossref PubMed Scopus (494) Google Scholar), however, can bind DNA and are reported to function as transcription activators. Similarly, using in vitro synthesized proteins in electrophoretic mobility shift assay reactions, the Nrf2·p18 heterodimer exhibited avid binding to the HO-1 StRE, but no such binding was observed with Nrf2 and c-Jun co-translation products or any of the individual proteins (data not shown). The lack of DNA binding by Nrf2 and c-Jun co-translation products is consistent with a previous report demonstrating that an uncharacterized cytosolic factor is required for Nrf2·c-Jun complex formation and/or DNA binding activity (32Venugopal R. Jaiswal A.K. Oncogene. 1998; 17: 3145-3156Crossref PubMed Scopus (494) Google Scholar). To determine if the trans-activation of the SX2 enhancer by Nrf2 (see Fig. 1) is due to Nrf2·p18 heterodimers, we examined the effect of p18 on the Nrf2-independent and Nrf2-dependent expression of pSX2Δ44luc in transient transfection assays. In the absence of exogenous Nrf2 (Fig. 7 A, −Nrf2), p18 decreased luc