Background Bud dormancy is a crucial stage in perennial trees and allows survival over winter to ensure optimal flowering and fruit production. Recent work highlighted physiological and molecular events occurring during bud dormancy in trees. However, they usually examined bud development or bud dormancy in isolation. In this work, we aimed to further explore the global transcriptional changes happening throughout bud development and dormancy onset, progression and release.Results Using next-generation sequencing and modelling, we conducted an in-depth transcriptomic analysis for all stages of flower buds in several sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.) cultivars that are characterized for their contrasted dates of dormancy release. We find that buds in organogenesis, paradormancy, endodormancy and ecodormancy stages are defined by the expression of genes involved in specific pathways, and these are conserved between different sweet cherry cultivars. In particular, we found that DORMANCY ASSOCIATED MADS-box (DAM) , floral identity and organogenesis genes are up-regulated during the pre-dormancy stages while endodormancy is characterized by a complex array of signalling pathways, including cold response genes, ABA and oxidation-reduction processes. After dormancy release, genes associated with global cell activity, division and differentiation are activated during ecodormancy and growth resumption. We then went a step beyond the global transcriptomic analysis and we developed a model based on the transcriptional profiles of just seven genes to accurately predict the main bud dormancy stages.Conclusions Overall, this study has allowed us to better understand the transcriptional changes occurring throughout the different phases of flower bud development, from bud formation in the summer to flowering in the following spring. Our work sets the stage for the development of fast and cost effective diagnostic tools to molecularly define the dormancy stages. Such integrative approaches will therefore be extremely useful for a better comprehension of complex phenological processes in many species.* LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS : ABA : abscisic acid ABF2 : ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR 2 ABI5 : ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 5 AG : AGAMOUS AGL9 : AGAMOUS-like 9 AGL20 : AGAMOUS-like 20 AP3 : APETALA3 AREB3 : ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN 3 ATHB7 : ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX 7 CBF/DREB : C-REPEAT/DRE BINDING FACTOR 2/DEHYDRATION RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN CSLG3 : Cellulose Synthase like G3 DAM : DORMANCY ASSOCIATED MADS-box DEG : differentially expressed gene DNA : desoxyribonucleic acid EE : Evening element motif EF1 : Elongation factor 1 ERF : ethylene-responsive element FD : FLOWERING LOCUS D FIMO : Find Individual Motif occurrences FLC : FLOWERING LOCUS C GH127 : Glycosyl Hydrolase 127 GPX6 : GLUTATHION PEROXIDASE 6 GR : GLUTATHION REDUCTASE GRF7 : GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR7 GST8 : GLUTATHION S-TRANSFERASE8 GO : gene ontology H3 : Histone 3 LEA : LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT PROTEIN LHY : LATE-ELONGATE HYPOCOTYL LP1 : LIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN1 MEE9 : maternal effect embryo arrest 9 Padj : adjusted p-value Pav : Prunus avium PC : principal component PCA : principal component analysis PDCB3 : PLASMODESMATA CALLOSE-BINDING PROTEIN 3 PIF4 : PHYTOCHROME INTERACING FACTOR 4 PIL5 : PHYTOCHROME INTERACING FACTOR 3 LIKE 5 PP2C : Phosphatase 2C RNA : ribonucleic acid RPII : ribonucleic acid polymerase II RT-qPCR : quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction RVE1/8 : REVEILLE1/8 SEP3 : SEPALLATA3 SPT : SPATULA SRP : STRESS RESPONSIVE PROTEIN TCX2 : TESMIN/TSO1-like CXC 2 TF : transcription factor TPM : transcripts per million reads UDP-GalT1 : UDP-Galactose transporter 1 ZTL : ZEITLUPE