The axon initial segment (AIS) at the base of each nerve fibre, where clusters of sodium channels generate the action potential that then propagates along the axon, is a focus of much attention from neuroscientists working on the nature of neuronal excitability. As the source of a nerve impulse, it seems a logical point at which to regulate neural activity. Two papers in this issue confirm that the AIS is a source of intrinsic neuronal plasticity. Matthew Grubb and Juan Burrone show that electrical activity reversibly alters the position of the AIS in cultured hippocampal neurons. They suggest that the resulting increase in intrinsic excitability may fine-tune neuronal excitability during development, and point to potential targets for the control of epilepsy. Hiroshi Kuba, Yuki Oichi and Harunori Ohmori show that the size of the AIS increases in bird auditory neurons deprived of sound stimulation. Again intrinsic excitability increases, possibly contributing to the maintenance of the auditory pathway. Such neuronal plasticity may compensate some forms of hearing loss. A nerve cell sends signals to others through action potentials, which begin at the 'initial segment' of the neuron's axon. It is now shown that changes in electrical activity can alter the position of this initial segment in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The resulting increase in intrinsic excitability — the tendency to fire action potentials — represents a new form of neuronal plasticity and could provide a new target in the control of epilepsy. In neurons, the axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialized region near the start of the axon that is the site of action potential initiation1,2,3,4,5,6. The precise location of the AIS varies across and within different neuronal types7,8, and has been linked to cells’ information-processing capabilities8; however, the factors determining AIS position in individual neurons remain unknown. Here we show that changes in electrical activity can alter the location of the AIS. In dissociated hippocampal cultures, chronic depolarization with high extracellular potassium moves multiple components of the AIS, including voltage-gated sodium channels, up to 17 μm away from the soma of excitatory neurons. This movement reverses when neurons are returned to non-depolarized conditions, and depends on the activation of T- and/or L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. The AIS also moved distally when we combined long-term LED (light-emitting diode) photostimulation with sparse neuronal expression of the light-activated cation channel channelrhodopsin-2; here, burst patterning of activity was successful where regular stimulation at the same frequency failed. Furthermore, changes in AIS position correlate with alterations in current thresholds for action potential spiking. Our results show that neurons can regulate the position of an entire subcellular structure according to their ongoing levels and patterns of electrical activity. This novel form of activity-dependent plasticity may fine-tune neuronal excitability during development.