Several endogenous and environmental factors need to be integrated to time the onset of flowering [1Ausin I. Alonso-Blanco C. Martinez-Zapater J.M. Environmental regulation of flowering.Int. J. Dev. Biol. 2005; 49: 689-705Crossref PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar, 2Baurle I. Dean C. The timing of developmental transitions in plants.Cell. 2006; 125: 655-664Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (439) Google Scholar, 3Corbesier L. Coupland G. The quest for florigen: a review of recent progress.J. Exp. Bot. 2006; 57: 3395-3403Crossref PubMed Scopus (153) Google Scholar]. Genetic and molecular analyses, primarily in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, have shown that CONSTANS (CO) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) play central roles in photoperiod-dependent flowering [4Putterill J. Robson F. Lee K. Simon R. Coupland G. The CONSTANS gene of Arabidopsis promotes flowering and encodes a protein showing similarities to zinc finger transcription factors.Cell. 1995; 80: 847-857Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (986) Google Scholar, 5Kardailsky I. Shukla V.K. Ahn J.H. Dagenais N. Christensen S.K. Nguyen J.T. Chory J. Harrison M.J. Weigel D. Activation tagging of the floral inducer FT.Science. 1999; 286: 1962-1965Crossref PubMed Scopus (1053) Google Scholar, 6Kobayashi Y. Kaya H. Goto K. Iwabuchi M. Araki T. A pair of related genes with antagonistic roles in mediating flowering signals.Science. 1999; 286: 1960-1962Crossref PubMed Scopus (966) Google Scholar, 7Yano M. Katayose Y. Ashikari M. Yamanouchi U. Monna L. Fuse T. Baba T. Yamamoto K. Umehara Y. Nagamura Y. et al.Hd1, a major photoperiod sensitivity quantitative trait locus in rice, is closely related to the Arabidopsis flowering time gene CONSTANS.Plant Cell. 2000; 12: 2473-2484PubMed Google Scholar, 8Suarez-Lopez P. Wheatley K. Robson F. Onouchi H. Valverde F. Coupland G. CONSTANS mediates between the circadian clock and the control of flowering in Arabidopsis.Nature. 2001; 410: 1116-1120Crossref PubMed Scopus (970) Google Scholar, 9Kojima S. Takahashi Y. Kobayashi Y. Monna L. Sasaki T. Araki T. Yano M. Hd3a, a rice ortholog of the Arabidopsis FT gene, promotes transition to flowering downstream of Hd1 under short-day conditions.Plant Cell Physiol. 2002; 43: 1096-1105Crossref PubMed Scopus (784) Google Scholar, 10Yanovsky M.J. Kay S.A. Molecular basis of seasonal time measurement in Arabidopsis.Nature. 2002; 419: 308-312Crossref PubMed Scopus (514) Google Scholar, 11Yanovsky M.J. Kay S.A. Living by the calendar: how plants know when to flower.Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2003; 4: 265-275Crossref PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar, 12Hayama R. Coupland G. The molecular basis of diversity in the photoperiodic flowering responses of Arabidopsis and rice.Plant Physiol. 2004; 135: 677-684Crossref PubMed Scopus (235) Google Scholar, 13Valverde F. Mouradov A. Soppe W. Ravenscroft D. Samach A. Coupland G. Photoreceptor regulation of CONSTANS protein in photoperiodic flowering.Science. 2004; 303: 1003-1006Crossref PubMed Scopus (838) Google Scholar]. The overall picture is that CO acts in the phloem companion cells of leaves and that its main effect is to induce FT mRNA in these cells [11Yanovsky M.J. Kay S.A. Living by the calendar: how plants know when to flower.Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2003; 4: 265-275Crossref PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar, 12Hayama R. Coupland G. The molecular basis of diversity in the photoperiodic flowering responses of Arabidopsis and rice.Plant Physiol. 2004; 135: 677-684Crossref PubMed Scopus (235) Google Scholar, 14Izawa T. Oikawa T. Sugiyama N. Tanisaka T. Yano M. Shimamoto K. Phytochrome mediates the external light signal to repress FT orthologs in photoperiodic flowering of rice.Genes Dev. 2002; 16: 2006-2020Crossref PubMed Scopus (296) Google Scholar, 15Takada S. Goto K. Terminal flower2, an Arabidopsis homolog of heterochromatin protein1, counteracts the activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T by CONSTANS in the vascular tissues of leaves to regulate flowering time.Plant Cell. 2003; 15: 2856-2865Crossref PubMed Scopus (332) Google Scholar, 16An H. Roussot C. Suarez-Lopez P. Corbesier L. Vincent C. Pineiro M. Hepworth S. Mouradov A. Justin S. Turnbull C. et al.CONSTANS acts in the phloem to regulate a systemic signal that induces photoperiodic flowering of Arabidopsis.Development. 2004; 131: 3615-3626Crossref PubMed Scopus (479) Google Scholar, 17Abe M. Kobayashi Y. Yamamoto S. Daimon Y. Yamaguchi A. Ikeda Y. Ichinoki H. Notaguchi M. Goto K. Araki T. FD, a bZIP protein mediating signals from the floral pathway integrator FT at the shoot apex.Science. 2005; 309: 1052-1056Crossref PubMed Scopus (965) Google Scholar, 18Wigge P.A. Kim M.C. Jaeger K.E. Busch W. Schmid M. Lohmann J.U. Weigel D. Integration of spatial and temporal information during floral induction in Arabidopsis.Science. 2005; 309: 1056-1059Crossref PubMed Scopus (966) Google Scholar, 19Ahn J.H. Miller D. Winter V.J. Banfield M.J. Lee J.H. Yoo S.Y. Henz S.R. Brady R.L. Weigel D. A divergent external loop confers antagonistic activity on floral regulators FT and TFL1.EMBO J. 2006; 25: 605-614Crossref PubMed Scopus (329) Google Scholar]. Surprisingly, FT, a small globular protein of 20 kDa, interacts at the shoot apex with the bZIP transcription factor FLOWERING LOCUS D (FD) to induce downstream targets [17Abe M. Kobayashi Y. Yamamoto S. Daimon Y. Yamaguchi A. Ikeda Y. Ichinoki H. Notaguchi M. Goto K. Araki T. FD, a bZIP protein mediating signals from the floral pathway integrator FT at the shoot apex.Science. 2005; 309: 1052-1056Crossref PubMed Scopus (965) Google Scholar, 18Wigge P.A. Kim M.C. Jaeger K.E. Busch W. Schmid M. Lohmann J.U. Weigel D. Integration of spatial and temporal information during floral induction in Arabidopsis.Science. 2005; 309: 1056-1059Crossref PubMed Scopus (966) Google Scholar]. Given that green fluorescent protein (GFP), which as a monomer is 27 kDa, can be easily exported to sink tissue including flowers when expressed in phloem companion cells, the latter finding strongly implied that FT protein is the mobile floral-inductive signal [17Abe M. Kobayashi Y. Yamamoto S. Daimon Y. Yamaguchi A. Ikeda Y. Ichinoki H. Notaguchi M. Goto K. Araki T. FD, a bZIP protein mediating signals from the floral pathway integrator FT at the shoot apex.Science. 2005; 309: 1052-1056Crossref PubMed Scopus (965) Google Scholar, 18Wigge P.A. Kim M.C. Jaeger K.E. Busch W. Schmid M. Lohmann J.U. Weigel D. Integration of spatial and temporal information during floral induction in Arabidopsis.Science. 2005; 309: 1056-1059Crossref PubMed Scopus (966) Google Scholar, 19Ahn J.H. Miller D. Winter V.J. Banfield M.J. Lee J.H. Yoo S.Y. Henz S.R. Brady R.L. Weigel D. A divergent external loop confers antagonistic activity on floral regulators FT and TFL1.EMBO J. 2006; 25: 605-614Crossref PubMed Scopus (329) Google Scholar]. In agreement with this hypothesis, an FT-GFP fusion, just like GFP, can be exported from the phloem of both rice and Arabidopsis[20Corbesier L. Vincent C. Jang S. Fornara F. Fan Q. Searle I. Giakountis A. Farrona S. Gissot L. Turnbull C. et al.FT protein movement contributes to long-distance signaling in floral induction of Arabidopsis.Science. 2007; (Published online April 19, 2007)https://doi.org/10.1126/science.114752Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 21Tamaki S. Matsuo S. Wong H.L. Yokoi S. Shimamoto K. Hd3a protein is a mobile flowering signal in rice.Science. 2007; (Published online April 19, 2007)https://doi.org/10.1126/science.114753Crossref PubMed Google Scholar]. It has been unknown, however, whether mobile FT protein is sufficient for transmitting the flowering signal. Here we show that FT mRNA is required in phloem companion cells where it acts partially redundant with its paralog TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) to induce flowering. Furthermore, we have devised a method that uncouples FT mRNA and protein effects in vivo. We demonstrate that export of FT protein from phloem companion cells is sufficient to induce flowering.