Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells represent an innate T cell population of emerging significance. These abundant cells can recognize ligands generated by microbes utilizing the riboflavin synthesis pathway, presented via the MHC-like molecule MR1 and binding of specific T cell receptors (TCR). They also possess a functional programme (shared by innate T cell populations expressing CD161) allowing microbial sensing in a cytokine-dependent, TCR-independent manner. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen that is also associated with commensal carriage, thus host control at the mucosal interface is critical. The recognition of S. pneumoniae strains by MAIT cells has not been defined, nor have the genomics and transcriptomics of the riboflavin operon (Rib genes). We examined the expression of Rib genes in S. pneumoniae at rest and in response to metabolic stress and linked this to MAIT cell activation in vitro. We observed robust recognition of S. pneumoniae strains at rest and following stress, using both TCR-dependent and TCR-independent pathways. The pathway used was highly dependent on the antigen-presenting cell, but was maintained across a wide range of clinically-relevant strains. The riboflavin operon was highly conserved across a range of 571 S. pneumoniae from 39 countries dating back to 1916, and different versions of the riboflavin operon were also identified in related Streptococcus species. These data indicate an important functional relationship between MAIT cells and S. pneumoniae, which may be tuned by local factors, including the metabolic state of the organism and the antigen-presenting cell that it encounters.