Macromolecular complexes are essential to conserved biological processes, but their prevalence across animals is unclear. By combining extensive biochemical fractionation with quantitative mass spectrometry, here we directly examined the composition of soluble multiprotein complexes among diverse metazoan models. Using an integrative approach, we generated a draft conservation map consisting of more than one million putative high-confidence co-complex interactions for species with fully sequenced genomes that encompasses functional modules present broadly across all extant animals. Clustering reveals a spectrum of conservation, ranging from ancient eukaryotic assemblies that have probably served cellular housekeeping roles for at least one billion years, ancestral complexes that have accrued contemporary components, and rarer metazoan innovations linked to multicellularity. We validated these projections by independent co-fractionation experiments in evolutionarily distant species, affinity purification and functional analyses. The comprehensiveness, centrality and modularity of these reconstructed interactomes reflect their fundamental mechanistic importance and adaptive value to animal cell systems. Using biochemical fractionation and mass spectrometry, animal protein complexes are identified from nine species in parallel, and, along with genome sequence information, complex conservation is investigated and over one million protein–protein interactions are predicted in 122 eukaryotes. Elucidating the components of multiprotein complexes on a proteome-wide scale has been aided by high-throughput methods for systematically determining protein–protein interactions. Here, Edward Marcotte and colleagues identify protein complexes from nine species in parallel, based on biochemical fractionation of native soluble macromolecular complexes followed by tandem mass spectrometry to identify components. The data, from roundworm, mouse, sea urchin, human, frog, fly, sea anemone, slime mould and yeast, show that many complexes are conserved across species. Combing the results with genome sequence information, the authors are able to predict more than one million interactions in 122 eukaryotes.