Abstract Background Single-domain antibody fragments (aka V H H, ∼13 kDa) are promising delivery systems for brain tumor theranostics; however, achieving efficient delivery of V H H to intracranial lesions remains challenging due to the tumor-brain barrier. Here, we evaluate low-dose whole-brain irradiation as a strategy to increase the delivery of an anti-HER2 V H H to breast cancer-derived intracranial tumors in mice. Methods Mice with intracranial HER2-positive BT474BrM3 tumors received 10-Gy fractionated cranial irradiation and evaluated using non-invasive imaging methods. The anti-HER2 V H H 5F7 was labeled with 18 F, administered intravenously to irradiated mice and controls, and PET/CT imaging was conducted at various intervals after irradiation. Tumor uptake of 18 F-labeled 5F7 in irradiated and control mice was compared by PET/CT image analysis and correlated with tumor volumes. In addition, longitudinal dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) was conducted to visualize and quantify the potential effects of radiation on tumor perfusion and permeability. Results Increased 18 F-labeled 5F7 intracranial tumor uptake was observed with PET in mice that received cranial irradiation, with maximum tumor accumulation seen approximately 12 days post initial radiation treatment. No radiation-induced changes in HER2 expression were detected by Western blot, flow cytometry, or on tissue sections. DCE-MRI imaging demonstrated transiently increased tumor perfusion and permeability after irradiation, consistent with the higher tumor uptake of 18 F-labeled anti-HER2 5F7 in irradiated mice. Conclusion Low-level brain irradiation induces dynamic changes in tumor vasculature that increase the intracranial tumor delivery of an anti-HER2 V H H, which could facilitate the use of labeled sdAb to detect, monitor, and treat HER2-expressing brain metastases. Key points Low-level radiation enhances uptake of HER2-specific V H H in intracranial tumors. XRT + radiolabeled V H H shows promise as a treatment strategy for breast cancer brain metastases. Importance of the Study Improving the detection and treatment of brain metastases (BM) that overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) is an urgent medical need. Drug delivery to BM is confounded by their tumor vasculature, which is more restrictive than in GBM. Single domain antibody fragments, about one-tenth the size of antibodies, could be promising theranostic vectors for BM provided sufficient BM uptake could be achieved. In this study, we utilized longitudinal PET imaging to demonstrate that low-dose whole-brain irradiation (WBRT) significantly increased 18 F-labeled HER2-specific 5F7 V H H uptake in intracranial HER2-positive tumors in mice. Combining low dose WBRT with 5F7 V H H labeled with α-or β-particle emitting radionuclides could provide an effective and specific targeted radiotherapeutic strategy for treating patients with HER2-expressing BM.